Moral problems in Nekrasov's poem “Who should live well in Rus'. Who in Rus' should live well analysis of the poem Genre, gender, direction

To whom in Rus' to live well? This question still excites many people, and this fact explains the increased attention to the legendary poem by Nekrasov. The author managed to raise a topic that has become eternal in Russia - the topic of asceticism, voluntary self-denial in the name of saving the fatherland. It is the service of a high goal that makes a Russian person happy, as the writer proved using the example of Grisha Dobrosklonov.

“Who is living well in Rus'” is one of the latest works Nekrasov. When he wrote it, he was already seriously ill: he was struck by cancer. That is why it is not finished. It was collected bit by bit by the poet's close friends and arranged the fragments in random order, barely capturing the confused logic of the creator, broken by a fatal illness and endless pains. He was dying in agony, and yet he was able to answer the question posed at the very beginning: Who lives well in Rus'? In a broad sense, he himself turned out to be lucky, because he faithfully and selflessly served the interests of the people. This ministry supported him in the fight against the fatal illness. Thus, the history of the poem began in the first half of the 60s of the 19th century, around 1863 ( serfdom canceled in 1861), and the first part was completed in 1865.

The book was published in fragments. The prologue was already published in the January issue of Sovremennik in 1866. More chapters came out later. All this time, the work attracted the attention of censors and was mercilessly criticized. In the 70s, the author wrote the main parts of the poem: "Last Child", "Peasant Woman", "Feast for the Whole World". He planned to write much more, but due to the rapid development of the disease, he could not and stopped at "Feast ...", where he expressed his main idea regarding the future of Russia. He believed that such holy people as Dobrosklonov would be able to help his homeland, mired in poverty and injustice. Despite the fierce attacks of reviewers, he found the strength to stand up for a just cause to the end.

Genre, genre, direction

ON THE. Nekrasov called his creation "the epic of modern peasant life”And was accurate in its wording: the genre of the work “Who should live well in Rus'?” - epic poem. That is, at the base of the book, not one kind of literature coexists, but two whole: lyrics and epic:

1. epic component. In the history of the development of Russian society in the 1860s, there was a turning point when people learned to live in new conditions after the abolition of serfdom and other fundamental changes in the usual way of life. This heavy historical period and described by the writer, reflecting the realities of that time without embellishment and falsehood. In addition, the poem has a clear linear plot and many original characters, which indicates the scale of the work, comparable only to a novel ( epic genre). The book also absorbed the folklore elements of heroic songs that tell about the military campaigns of heroes against enemy camps. All these are generic features of the epic.
2. lyric component. The work is written in verse - this is the main property of lyrics, as a kind. The book also contains a place for authorial digressions and typically poetic symbols, means artistic expressiveness, the features of the confession of heroes.

The direction within which the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was written is realism. However, the author significantly expanded its boundaries by adding fantastic and folklore elements (prologue, beginnings, symbolism of numbers, fragments and heroes from folk legends). The poet chose the form of travel for his idea, as a metaphor for the search for truth and happiness, which each of us carries out. Many researchers of Nekrasov's work compare the plot structure with the structure of the folk epic.

Composition

The laws of the genre determined the composition and plot of the poem. Nekrasov was finishing the book in terrible agony, but still did not have time to finish it. This explains the chaotic composition and many branches from the plot, because the works were formed and restored from drafts by his friends. He himself in recent months life was not able to clearly adhere to the original concept of creation. Thus, the composition “Who is it good to live in Rus'?”, comparable only with folk epic, is unique. It was developed as a result of the creative assimilation of world literature, and not the direct borrowing of some well-known model.

1. Exposition (Prologue). The meeting of seven men - the heroes of the poem: "On the pillar path / Seven men came together."
2. The plot is the oath of the heroes not to return home until they find the answer to their question.
3. The main part consists of many autonomous parts: the reader gets to know the soldier, happy topics that they didn’t kill him, a serf, proud of his privilege to eat out of his master’s bowls, a grandmother whose turnip in her garden, to her joy, disfigured her ... While the search for happiness stands still, the slow but steady growth of people’s self-consciousness is depicted, which the author wanted to show even more than the declared happiness in Rus'. From random episodes looms overall picture Rus': impoverished, drunk, but not hopeless, striving for a better life. In addition, the poem contains several large and independent insert episodes, some of which are even placed in autonomous chapters (“Last Child”, “Peasant Woman”).
4. Climax. The writer calls Grisha Dobrosklonov, a fighter for the people's happiness, a happy man in Rus'.
5. Interchange. A serious illness prevented the author from completing his great plan. Even those chapters that he managed to write were sorted and marked by his confidants after his death. It must be understood that the poem is not finished, it was written by a very sick person, therefore this work- the most complex and confusing of all literary heritage Nekrasov.
6. The final chapter is called "A Feast for the Whole World". All night the peasants sing about the old and new times. Kind and hopeful songs are sung by Grisha Dobrosklonov.

What is the poem about?

Seven peasants met on the road and argued about who should live well in Rus'? The essence of the poem is that they were looking for an answer to this question on the way, talking with representatives of different classes. The revelation of each separate plot. So, the heroes went for a walk in order to resolve the dispute, but only quarreled, starting a fight. In the night forest, at the moment of a fight, a chick fell from the bird's nest, and one of the men picked it up. The interlocutors sat down by the fire and began to dream in order to also acquire wings and everything necessary for traveling in search of the truth. The warbler bird turns out to be magical and, as a ransom for her chick, tells people how to find a self-assembled tablecloth that will provide them with food and clothes. They find her and feast, and during the feast they vow to find the answer to their question together, but until then they will not see any of their relatives and not return home.

On the way, they meet a priest, a peasant woman, a farcical Petrushka, beggars, an overworked worker and a former courtyard stricken with paralysis, an honest man Yermila Girin, landowner Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, Posledysh-Utyatin and his family, survivor of the mind, Yakov the faithful, God’s wanderer Ion Lyapushkin, but none of them was a happy person. Each of them is associated with a story full of genuine tragedy of suffering and misfortune. The goal of the journey is reached only when the wanderers stumble upon the seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, who is happy with his selfless service to his homeland. Good songs he instills hope in the people, and this is how the poem “Who lives well in Rus'” ends. Nekrasov wanted to continue the story, but did not have time, but he gave his heroes a chance to gain faith in the future of Russia.

Main characters and their characteristics

It is safe to say about the heroes of “Who Lives Well in Rus'” that they represent a complete system of images that streamlines and structures the text. For example, the work emphasizes the unity of the seven wanderers. They do not show individuality, character, they express the common features of national self-consciousness for all. These characters- a single whole, their dialogues, in fact, are a collective speech that originates from the oral folk art. This feature makes Nekrasov's poem related to the Russian folklore tradition.

1. Seven Wanderers are former serfs "from adjacent villages - Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Razutov, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayka, too." All of them put forward their own versions of who lives well in Rus': a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a noble boyar, a sovereign minister or a tsar. Perseverance is expressed in their character: they all demonstrate unwillingness to take sides. Strength, courage and the pursuit of truth - that's what unites them. They are ardent, easily succumb to anger, but the appeasement compensates for these shortcomings. Kindness and responsiveness make them pleasant interlocutors, even despite some meticulousness. Their temper is harsh and cool, but life did not spoil them with luxury: the former serfs always bent their backs, working for the master, and after the reform, no one bothered to attach them properly. So they wandered in Rus' in search of truth and justice. The search itself characterizes them as serious, thoughtful and thorough people. The symbolic number "7" means a hint of good luck that awaited them at the end of the journey.
2. Main character- Grisha Dobrosklonov, seminarian, son of a deacon. By nature, he is a dreamer, a romantic, loves to compose songs and make people happy. In them, he talks about the fate of Russia, about her misfortunes, and at the same time about her mighty strength, which will someday come out and crush injustice. Although he is an idealist, his character is firm, as are his convictions to devote his life to the service of the truth. The character feels a calling to be a people's leader and singer of Rus'. He is happy to sacrifice himself to a lofty idea and help his homeland. However, the author hints that he is just waiting for hard lot: jails, exiles, penal servitude. The authorities do not want to hear the voice of the people, they will try to shut them up, and then Grisha will be doomed to torment. But Nekrasov makes it clear with all his might that happiness is a state of spiritual euphoria, and it can only be known by being inspired by a lofty idea.
3. Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina – main character, a peasant woman whom the neighbors call lucky because she begged the wife of her husband’s military commander (he, the only breadwinner of the family, was to be recruited for 25 years). However, the story of a woman's life reveals not luck or good fortune, but grief and humiliation. She knew the loss of her only child, the anger of her mother-in-law, everyday, exhausting work. Detailed and her fate is described in an essay on our website, be sure to look.
4. Savely Korchagin- the grandfather of Matryona's husband, a real Russian hero. At one time, he killed a German manager who mercilessly mocked the peasants entrusted to him. For this, a strong and proud man paid for decades of hard labor. Upon his return, he was no longer good for anything, years of imprisonment trampled on his body, but did not break his will, because, as before, he stood up for justice with a mountain. The hero always said about the Russian peasant: "And it bends, but does not break." However, without knowing it, the grandfather turns out to be the executioner of his own great-grandson. He did not notice the child, and the pigs ate it.
5. Ermil Girin- a man of exceptional honesty, a steward in the estate of Prince Yurlov. When he needed to buy the mill, he stood in the square and asked people to rush to help him. After the hero got to his feet, he returned all the borrowed money to the people. For this, he earned respect and honor. But he is unhappy, because he paid for his authority with freedom: after the peasant revolt, suspicion fell on him in his organization, and he was imprisoned.
6. Landlords in the poem“To whom in Rus' to live well” are presented in abundance. The author portrays them objectively and even gives some images a positive character. For example, the governor's wife Elena Alexandrovna, who helped Matryona, appears as a people's benefactor. Also, with a note of compassion, the writer portrays Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, who also treated the peasants tolerably, even arranged holidays for them, and with the abolition of serfdom, he lost the ground under his feet: he was too accustomed to the old order. In contrast to these characters, the image of the Last Duck and his treacherous, prudent family was created. The relatives of the hard-hearted old serf-owner decided to deceive him and persuaded the former slaves to participate in the performance in exchange for profitable territories. However, when the old man died, the rich heirs brazenly deceived the common people and drove him away with nothing. The apogee of the nobility of the nobility is the landowner Polivanov, who beats his faithful servant and sends his son to the recruits for trying to marry his beloved girl. Thus, the writer is far from denigrating the nobility everywhere, he is trying to show both sides of the coin.
7. Kholop Yakov- an indicative figure of a serf, the antagonist of the hero Saveliy. Yakov absorbed the whole slavish essence of the oppressed class, downtrodden with lack of rights and ignorance. When the master beats him and even sends his son to certain death, the servant meekly and meekly endures the offense. His revenge was a match for this humility: he hanged himself in the forest right in front of the master, who was crippled and could not get home without his help.
8. Iona Lyapushkin- God's wanderer, who told the peasants several stories about the life of people in Rus'. It tells about the epiphany of ataman Kudeyara, who decided to atone for sins by killing for good, and about the cunning of Gleb the headman, who violated the will of the late master and did not release the serfs on his orders.
9. Pop- a representative of the clergy, who complains about the difficult life of a priest. The constant clash with grief and poverty saddens the heart, not to mention the popular witticisms against his dignity.

The characters in the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" are diverse and allow us to paint a picture of the customs and life of that time.

Subject

• The main theme of the piece is Liberty- rests on the problem that the Russian peasant did not know what to do with it, and how to adapt to new realities. The national character is also “problematic”: people-thinkers, people-seekers of truth still drink, live in oblivion and empty talk. They are not able to squeeze slaves out of themselves until their poverty acquires at least the modest dignity of poverty, until they stop living in drunken illusions, until they realize their strength and pride, trampled down by centuries of humiliating state of affairs that have been sold, lost and bought.
• Happiness Theme. The poet believes that a person can get the highest satisfaction from life only by helping other people. The real value of being is to feel needed by society to bring goodness, love and justice to the world. Selfless and selfless service to a good cause fills every moment with sublime meaning, with an idea, without which time loses color, becomes dull from inaction or selfishness. Grisha Dobrosklonov is happy not with wealth and position in the world, but with the fact that he leads Russia and his people to a brighter future.
• Homeland Theme. Although Rus' appears in the eyes of readers as a poor and tortured, but still a beautiful country with a great future and a heroic past. Nekrasov pities his homeland, devoting himself entirely to its correction and improvement. The homeland for him is the people, the people are his muse. All these concepts are closely intertwined in the poem "To whom in Rus' it is good to live." The author's patriotism is especially pronounced at the end of the book, when wanderers find a lucky man who lives in the interests of society. In a strong and patient Russian woman, in the justice and honor of a peasant hero, in sincere kindness folk singer the creator sees the true appearance of his state, full of dignity and spirituality.
• The theme of labor. Useful activity elevates the impoverished heroes of Nekrasov above the vanity and depravity of the nobility. It is idleness that destroys the Russian master, turning him into a self-satisfied and arrogant nonentity. But the common people have skills that are really important for society and genuine virtue, without them there will be no Russia, but the country will manage without noble tyrants, revelers and greedy seekers of wealth. So the writer comes to the conclusion that the value of each citizen is determined only by his contribution to the common cause - the prosperity of the motherland.
• mystical motif. Fantastic elements appear already in the Prologue and immerse the reader in the fabulous atmosphere of the epic, where you have to follow the development of the idea, and not the realism of the circumstances. Seven owls on seven trees - magic number 7, which promises good luck. The raven praying to the devil is another guise of the devil, because the raven symbolizes death, grave decay and infernal forces. He is opposed by a good force in the form of a warbler bird, which equips the men on the road. Self-assembly tablecloth - poetic symbol happiness and contentment. The “Wide Path” is a symbol of the open ending of the poem and the basis of the plot, because on both sides of the road, travelers open up a multifaceted and genuine panorama of Russian life. Symbolic is the image of an unknown fish in unknown seas, which has swallowed "the keys to female happiness." A crying she-wolf with bloody nipples also clearly demonstrates hard fate Russian peasant woman. One of the most vivid images of the reform is the “great chain”, which, having broken, “spread one end along the gentleman, the other along the peasant!”. The seven wanderers are a symbol of the entire people of Russia, restless, waiting for change and seeking happiness.

Issues

• In the epic poem, Nekrasov touched on a large number of acute and topical issues of that time. the main problem in "Who is it good to live in Rus'?" - the problem of happiness, both socially and philosophically. It is connected with the social theme of the abolition of serfdom, which has greatly changed (and not in better side) the traditional way of life of all segments of the population. It would seem that here it is, freedom, what else do people need? Is this not happiness? However, in reality, it turned out that the people, who, due to long slavery, do not know how to live independently, turned out to be thrown to the mercy of fate. A priest, a landowner, a peasant woman, Grisha Dobrosklonov and seven peasants are real Russian characters and destinies. The author described them, relying on rich experience of communicating with people from the common people. The problems of the work are also taken from life: disorder and confusion after the reform to abolish serfdom really affected all classes. No one organized jobs for yesterday's serfs, or at least land allotments, no one provided the landowner with competent instructions and laws governing his new relationship with workers.
• The problem of alcoholism. Wanderers come to an unpleasant conclusion: life in Rus' is so hard that without drunkenness a peasant will completely die. Forgetfulness and fog are necessary for him in order to somehow pull the strap of a hopeless existence and hard labor.
• The problem of social inequality. The landlords have been torturing the peasants with impunity for years, and Savelyia has been deformed for the murder of such an oppressor all her life. For the deceit, there will be nothing for the relatives of the Last, and their servants will again be left with nothing.
• The philosophical problem of the search for truth, which each of us encounters, is allegorically expressed in the campaign of seven wanderers who understand that without this discovery their life is depreciated.

The idea of ​​the work

The road skirmish of the peasants is not an everyday quarrel, but an eternal, great dispute, in which all layers of Russian society of that time appear to one degree or another. All its main representatives (priest, landowner, merchant, official, tsar) are called to the peasant court. For the first time men can and have the right to judge. For all the years of slavery and poverty, they are not looking for retribution, but for an answer: how to live? This is the meaning of Nekrasov's poem "Who is living well in Rus'?" - the growth of national consciousness on the ruins of the old system. The author's point of view is expressed by Grisha Dobrosklonov in his songs: “And your burden was lightened by fate, companion of the days of the Slav! You are still a slave in the family, but the mother is already a free son! ..». Despite the negative consequences of the reform of 1861, the creator believes that behind it is a happy future for the fatherland. It is always difficult at the beginning of change, but this work will be rewarded a hundredfold.

The most important condition for further prosperity is to overcome internal slavery:

Enough! Finished with the last calculation,
Done with sir!
The Russian people gather with strength
And learning to be a citizen

Despite the fact that the poem is not finished, Nekrasov voiced the main idea. Already the first of the songs of “A Feast for the Whole World” gives an answer to the question posed in the title: “The share of the people, their happiness, light and freedom, first of all!”

End

In the finale, the author expresses his point of view on the changes that have taken place in Russia in connection with the abolition of serfdom and, finally, sums up the results of the search: Grisha Dobrosklonov is recognized as the lucky one. It is he who is the bearer of Nekrasov's opinion, and in his songs the true attitude of Nikolai Alekseevich to what he described is hidden. The poem "To Whom in Rus' to Live Well" ends with a feast for the whole world in literally words: it's called final chapter, where the characters celebrate and rejoice at the happy end of their quest.

Conclusion

In Rus', the hero of Nekrasov, Grisha Dobrosklonov, is well, as he serves people, and, therefore, lives with meaning. Grisha is a fighter for the truth, a prototype of a revolutionary. The conclusion that can be drawn on the basis of the work is simple: a lucky man has been found, Rus' is embarking on the path of reforms, the people, through thorns, are drawn to the title of citizen. This bright omen is the great meaning of the poem. For more than a century it has been teaching people altruism, the ability to serve high ideals, and not vulgar and passing cults. From point of view literary skill, the book is also of great importance: it is truly a folk epic, reflecting a contradictory, complex, and at the same time the most important historical era.

Of course, the poem would not be so valuable if it only gave lessons in history and literature. She gives life lessons, and this is its most important property. The moral of the work “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is that it is necessary to work for the good of one’s homeland, not to scold it, but to help it with deeds, because it’s easier to push around with a word, but not everyone can and wants to really change something. Here it is, happiness - to be in your place, to be needed not only for yourself, but also for the people. Only together can a significant result be achieved, only together can we overcome the problems and hardships of this overcoming. Grisha Dobrosklonov, with his songs, tried to unite, rally people so that they would meet changes shoulder to shoulder. This is his holy purpose, and everyone has it, it is important not to be too lazy to go out on the road and look for him, as the seven wanderers did.

Criticism

The reviewers were attentive to the work of Nekrasov, because he himself was an important person in literary circles and had great prestige. Entire monographs were devoted to his phenomenal civil lyrics with detailed analysis creative technique and ideological and thematic originality of his poetry. For example, here is how the writer S.A. spoke about his style. Andreevsky:

He retrieved from oblivion the anapaest abandoned on Olympus and long years made this heavy, but flexible meter as walking as from the time of Pushkin to Nekrasov, only the airy and melodious iambic remained. This rhythm, chosen by the poet, reminiscent of the rotational movement of a hurdy-gurdy, made it possible to stay on the borders of poetry and prose, to joke with the crowd, to speak fluently and vulgarly, to insert cheerful and bad joke, express bitter truths and imperceptibly, slowing down the tact, with more solemn words, turn into ornate.

Korney Chukovsky spoke with inspiration about the thorough preparation of Nikolai Alekseevich for work, citing this example of writing as a standard:

Nekrasov himself constantly “visited Russian huts”, thanks to which both soldier and peasant speech became thoroughly known to him from childhood: not only from books, but also in practice, he studied the common language and from his youth became a great connoisseur of folk poetic images, folk forms thinking, folk aesthetics.

The death of the poet came as a surprise and a blow to many of his friends and colleagues. As you know, F.M. Dostoevsky with a heartfelt speech inspired by the impressions of a recently read poem. Specifically, among other things, he said:

He really was in the highest degree original and, indeed, came with a "new word".

The “new word”, first of all, was his poem “Who in Rus' should live well”. No one before him was so deeply aware of the peasant, simple, worldly grief. His colleague in his speech noted that Nekrasov was dear to him precisely because he bowed "to the people's truth with all his being, which he testified in his best creatures". However, Fedor Mikhailovich did not support his radical views on the reorganization of Russia, however, like many thinkers of that time. Therefore, criticism reacted violently to the publication, and in some cases aggressively. In this situation, the honor of a friend was defended by a well-known reviewer, a master of the word Vissarion Belinsky:

N. Nekrasov in his last work remained true to his idea: to arouse the sympathy of the upper classes of society for the common people, their needs and requirements.

Quite sharply, recalling, apparently, professional disagreements, I. S. Turgenev spoke about the work:

Nekrasov's poems, collected in one trick, are burning.

The liberal writer was not a supporter of his former editor and openly expressed his doubts about his talent as an artist:

In white threads sewn together, seasoned with all sorts of absurdities, painfully hatched fabrications of the mournful muse of Mr. Nekrasov - she, poetry, is not even worth a penny ”

He really was a man of very high nobility of soul and a man of great mind. And as a poet he is, of course, superior to all poets.

The problem of happiness in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'"

N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a work that embodies the primordial, “eternal” features of the Russian national character, the acute social problems that arose in Russia [before] after the abolition of serfdom are touched upon. The poet does not accidentally address this topic, he is very worried about the fate of the country.

The problem of happiness is the main one in the poem. The author is extremely concerned about the following philosophical question: "The people are free, but are the people happy?" The heroes of the work, seven men, are trying to find the answer: "Who lives happily, freely in Rus'?" To understand who is truly happy, one should refer to the criteria for happiness, which are stated almost at the very beginning in the chapter "Pop": "Peace, wealth, honor." However, analyzing the poem, you can add to their list and approve main idea that true happiness is to serve the people. This idea is embodied in the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov.

So, the problem of well-being criteria is solved in the episode of the meeting of men with the priest. However, Luke's opinion, which is that the most happy man- this is a clergyman, is refuted, since the priest has neither peace, nor honor, nor wealth.

The priest claims that there used to be profit from the landowners, but now he can only live on the means of poor peasants. He also has no respect. At the same time, the hero cannot live in peace, since the "coming" of the priests is "big": "sick, dying, born into the world." [It is important to say that] It is hard for a hero to see the suffering of the people, he cannot be happy when other people around are unhappy.

In addition, [in terms of ideological content] the characters assumed that the landowner was also happy, however, referring to his image, it can be noted that he lacks honor. The reform of 1861 made life difficult for Obolt-Obolduev. Now he has no power over the peasants, who were the main component of his well-being and a means of lordly arbitrariness (“Whoever I want, I will have mercy, whoever I want, I will execute”). From all this it follows that the landowner is unhappy, since he has no one to manage, he has to do everything himself, while he cannot even distinguish between a "rye ear" and a "barley ear".

At the same time, wanderers are interested in finding a happy person and from common people. At the country fair, they offer food and vodka to those who are truly happy. However, no such people were found. Not a single person fits the criteria provided by the peasants earlier: either their happiness is fleeting, or according to the principle "it could be worse." So, the old woman considers herself happy because of the good harvest of turnips, to which the wanderers say to her: “Drink at home, old one, eat that turnip!” So is the hunter, who is glad that his comrades were bullied by bears, and his cheekbone was only twisted. All this, on the contrary, confirms bad life Russian people, for whom any luck or everyday pettiness is already happiness.

Among other things, the heroes learn about Yermil Girin, who is famous for respect among the peasants. It represents the type people's protector”, as a result of which at first he is considered among the happy ones. However, after the characters find out that Yermila is in prison, which destroys the idea of ​​him as a lucky man.

Meanwhile, the men meet a woman, Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, whom the people themselves also consider happy. The heroine has both “honor”, ​​and “wealth”, and “honor”:

Not a woman! kinder

And more ironically - there is no woman.

However, she herself Matryona Timofeevna recognizes in his life only one moment of happiness when future husband persuaded her to marry him:

While we were trading

Must be what I think

Then there was happiness...

And hardly ever again!

From this it follows that the joy of a woman is associated with a premonition of love, because after marriage her life turns into endless reproaches from her mother-in-law and father-in-law, hard work. She, like all other serf women, endures the humiliation and neglect of her husband's family, which is considered typical among the peasants, and the heroine also faces many difficulties in life. It is no coincidence that Matryona sums up her whole story, which is of a generalizing nature:

Keys to female happiness

From our free will

abandoned, lost

God himself!

Thus, it turns out that respect, prosperity and peace are not enough to be happy.

Then we will consider another character belonging to the type of a genuine happy person, Grigory Dobrosklonov. The hero represents the interests of the people, in his song he raises the topic of the future of Russia:

Rat rises -

innumerable,

The strength will affect her

Invincible!

The character represents the spiritual line of happiness, the essence of which is completely different from the ideas of men. The “great truth” expressed in Grisha Dobrosklonov’s song gives him such joy that he runs home, feeling “immense strength” in himself. The hero chooses the path of serving the people. His road will not be easy, but this is the happiness for the soul of the "people's protector", which lies not in his own well-being, but in unity with the whole people. From the point of view of composition and ideological content, this is the key idea in the work.

Thus, in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who should live well in Russia” there is no clear answer to the question of who is happy in the country, however, the author shows [, ] how men move from earthly ideas about happiness to the understanding that happiness - a spiritual category, and in order to acquire it, changes are necessary not only in the social, but also in the mental structure of every peasant.

The problem of happiness is indeed stated in the poem. But there, after all, they also expand it, asking about fun and about freedom. Yes, these are important parts of happiness.

It is difficult for all the characters in the poem. Especially hard with the will. For example, a priest (he is in abundance and respected), but in a distant village someone dies - you need to go there off-road. What is the will?

And for a woman, even if she rejoices for all her children, it is always one thing - the second. One child needs food, another needs new bast shoes. In general, there is no rest for a woman.

It is clear that the poet suggests that happiness is not in the usual peace and will, but in peace, that you are doing a true and good deed, for which you are even ready to give up your freedom. Do not be selfish ... Work for the benefit of the people, that same people's happiness.

Just what is it? Before the abolition of serfdom, everyone said that this was the problem. They called for the abolition of slavery. And here's what happened after the cancellation! Everyone is unhappy: both men and gentlemen.

Perhaps the misfortune lies in coercion. Now, if the peasants served the masters only because they love and respect them, they want to help, and not because they do not have a passport. And gentlemen should take care of their subordinates sincerely and with love. Then there will be harmony! But this, probably, teachers and priests could only explain to everyone.

And the “happy” hero is a revolutionary, what will he achieve in the end? We went through history. And about the revolution, and about civil war... How many misfortunes there were! Where is the happiness of the people? Again, not that.

And still happy in the poem, in my opinion, are the walkers themselves. They obviously don't think so. They generally associate happiness with prosperity. And they themselves are fire victims and tramps from villages with "speaking" names. And then they had a goal! And there was also a magic tablecloth from a bird. No life - no cooking, no washing ... And they get acquainted with different people see different landscapes. And they themselves became friends with each other, although at first they were ready to fight! This is also happiness, although they did not understand it yet. But to return to their poor villages, they will tell everyone, they will remember this great adventure ... And they will understand how happy they were!

It would also be interesting for me to walk around Russia with friends, to conduct such a “poll”. And not to take care of everyday life, but to seek the truth for the benefit of everyone. Class!

By the way, happiness is such a complex concept. Here we wrote an essay on it. And everyone has their own happiness. And here we are talking about the whole people's happiness. It's very difficult to put everything together. There, for a peasant, there is one happiness (harvest), and for a priest, another (parish). And if the happiness of one and the other contradicts? A peasant - more freedom, and a master - more servants. And how do you put it all together?

The search for happiness, I believe, is also happiness. How preparation for a holiday is sometimes more pleasant than a holiday.

The problem of people's happiness in Nekrasov's poem To whom in Rus' it is good to live essay Grade 10

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, one of the most talented writers of the nineteenth century, began the poem in 1863 and composed it until the end of his life, until 1877. The writer devoted his life to poems about the arbitrariness of the Russian people. Even in his deep childhood, he was not indifferent to the topic abuse his father with the peasants. The poem was a continuation of the poem "Elegy", where the question was posed:

"The people are liberated,
But are the people happy?

The poem was the result of Nekrasov's reflection on the topic of poverty, the tyranny of peasants by landowners, drunkenness in Rus', and the inability of peasants to stand up for themselves. After the abolition of serfdom, much in the life of the peasants had to change, because, it would seem, here it is freedom, but the peasants are so accustomed to their lives that they do not even know the meaning of the word "freedom". And for them, little has changed in life: “Now, instead of the master, the volost will fight,” the author writes.

The composition of the poem consists of separate chapters, motivated roads of the main characters. It also contains fairy elements and songs. Seven wanderers with names already telling us from the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryaevo, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neyolovo and Neurozhayko - become truth-seekers, the world of a happy person. One claims that the priest is the happiest, the other says that the boyar, the third, that the king.

In order to dispel their argument, the wanderers decide to conduct: a survey of residents. They offer vodka for free in exchange for a story about their happiness. There were many who wanted to. By this, the author also shows the problem of drunkenness in Rus'. And this is not surprising, because from such difficult life hard not to sleep. However, they claim to be happy. The deacon put it this way, that for him happiness is drunkenness, for which he is simply expelled. The next soldier comes up, he says that he is happy as he served, but did not die. Then the grandmother is satisfied with the harvest. The queue continues to grow, but the wanderers realize that they have wasted their time.

Soon, researchers of human happiness go to Kochergina Matryona, she says that for her happiness is her children. With this, the writer draws the image of a Russian woman, describing her difficult fate. “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman between women,” says Matryona.

Grisha can be considered a truly happy person. From his song, you can understand that he is really the happiest person. Grisha is the main character in the poem. He is honest, he loves the people and understands them. Grisha connects his happiness with the fate of the people, he is happy when others are happy. In the image of Dobrosklonov, the author sees the hope of the future of Russia. And yet there are happy people in Rus', it’s a pity the wanderers never found out.

The work belongs to one of the most significant in the writer's work and in terms of genre orientation is a novel in a dramatic style.

Every day we are confronted with certain people with whom some kind of relationship is established or continues. What is characteristic of these relationships?

Many questions arise before the debaters in the work of N.A. Nekrasov. The main one is who lives happily?

The problem of happiness in the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" goes beyond the usual understanding of the philosophical concept of "happiness". But this is understandable. The men of the lowest class are trying to solve the problem. It seems to them that the free, the rich, and the merry can be happy.

Components of happiness

Literary critics try to explain to the reader who the author wanted to present as a result of truly happy. Their opinions differ. This confirms the genius of the poet. He managed to make people think, search, think. The text leaves no one indifferent. There is no exact answer in the poem. The reader has the right to remain in his opinion. He, as one of the wanderers, is looking for an answer, going far beyond the scope of the poem.

The views of individual studies are interesting. They propose to consider happy men who are looking for an answer to a question. Wanderers are representatives of the peasantry. They are from different villages, but with "talking" names that characterize the life of the country's population. Bare-footed, hungry, in clothes with holes, after lean years, survivors of diseases, fires, walkers receive a self-assembly tablecloth as a gift. Her image is expanded in the poem. Here she not only feeds and waters. The tablecloth keeps shoes, clothes. Walk a man around the country, all the problems of everyday life remain aside. Wanderers meet different people, listen to stories, sympathize and empathize. Such a journey during the harvest and the usual labor affairs is a real happiness. To be away from a distressed family, a poor village. It is clear that not all of them realize how happy they were in their search. The peasant became free, but this did not bring him prosperity and the opportunity to live according to his desires. Happiness stands opposite serfdom. Slavery becomes the antonym of the desired concept. It is impossible to collect all the components of national happiness into a single whole.

Each class has its own goals:

• Men are a good harvest;
• The priests are a rich and large parish;
• Soldier - maintaining health;
• Women are kind relatives and healthy children;
• The landlords are a large number of servants.

A man and a gentleman cannot be happy at the same time. The abolition of slavery led to the loss of the foundations of both estates. Truth-seekers have traveled many roads, conducted a survey of the population. From the stories of happiness some want to roar in full voice. People become happy from vodka. That is why there are so many drinkers in Rus'. Both the peasant, and the priest, and the gentleman want to pour grief.

Ingredients of True Happiness

In the poem, the characters try to imagine good life. The author tells the reader that everyone's perception of the environment is different. What does not please some, for others - the highest pleasure. The beauty of Russian landscapes captivates the reader. Remained in Rus' people with feelings of nobility. They are not changed by poverty, rudeness, illness and hardships of fate. There are few of them in the poem, but they are in every village.

Yakim Nagoi. Hunger and the hard life of a peasant did not kill the desire for beauty in his soul. During a fire, he saves paintings. Yakim's wife saves the icons. This means that in the soul of a woman lives faith in the spiritual transformation of people. Money remains in the background. And they've been hoarding them for years. The amount is amazing - 35 rubles. So impoverished is our Motherland in the past! Love for the beautiful distinguishes a man, instills faith: wine will not flood the "bloody rain" of the peasant's soul.

Ermil Girin. The disinterested peasant managed to win the lawsuit against the merchant with the help of the people. They lent him their last pennies without fear of being deceived. Honesty did not find its happy ending in the fate of the hero. He gets into jail. Ermil experiences mental anguish when he replaces his brother in recruitment. The author believes in the peasant, but understands that a sense of justice does not always lead to the desired result.

Grigory Dobrosklonov. The protector of the people is the prototype of the revolutionary-minded part of the inhabitants, a new emerging movement in Rus'. They try to change their native corner, refuse their own well-being, do not seek peace for themselves. The poet warns that the hero will become famous and glorious in Rus', the author sees them walking ahead and singing hymns.

Nekrasov believes: wrestlers will be happy. But who will know and believe in their happiness? History tells the opposite: hard labor, exile, consumption, death - this is not all that awaits them in the future. Not everyone will be able to convey their ideas to the people, many will remain outcasts, unrecognized geniuses.

The answer to the question "Who is living well in Rus'?" may not be found. Doubts penetrate the souls of readers. Happiness is a strange category. It can come for a moment from the joy of ordinary life, leads to a state of bliss from wine, barely perceptible in moments of love and affection. What needs to be done to make everyone happy in understanding common man? Changes must affect the structure and way of the country. Who is capable of carrying out such reforms? Will the will give this feeling to a person? There are even more questions than at the beginning of the reading of the poem. This is the task of literature: to make you think, evaluate, plan actions.

The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” occupies a central place in the work of Nekrasov. It has become a kind of artistic result of more than thirty years of the author's work. All the motives of Nekrasov's lyrics are developed in the poem, all the problems that worried him are rethought, and his highest artistic achievements are used.

Nekrasov not only created a special genre of socio-philosophical poem. He subordinated it to his super-task: show an evolving picture of Russia in its past, present and future. Starting to write “in hot pursuit”, that is, immediately after the reform of 1861 of the year, a poem about a liberated, resurgent people, Nekrasov infinitely expanded the original idea. The search for “lucky ones” in Rus' took him from the present to the origins: the poet seeks to realize not only the results of the abolition of serfdom, but also the very philosophical nature of the concepts of happiness, freedom, honor, peace because without this philosophical reflection it is impossible to understand the essence of the present moment and see the future of the people.

The fundamental novelty of the genre explains the fragmentation of the poem, built from internally open chapters. United image-symbol of the road, the poem breaks up into stories, the fate of dozens of people. Each episode in itself could become the plot of a song or a story, a legend or a novel. All together, in unity, they make up the fate of the Russian people, its historical path from slavery to freedom. That is why only in the last chapter does the image of the “people's protector” Grisha Dobrosklonov appear - the one who will lead people to freedom.

The author's task determined not only genre innovation, but also the whole originality of the work's poetics. Nekrasov repeatedly addressed in lyrics to folklore motifs and images. a poem about folk life he builds entirely on the basis of folklore. All the main genres of folklore are “involved” to one degree or another in “Who in Rus' should live well”: a fairy tale, a song, an epic, a legend

The problematics of the work is built on the correlation of folklore images and specific historical realities. The problem of national happiness is the ideological center of the work!!!.Images of seven wandering men - a symbolic image of Russia, which started off (work not completed).

"Who in Rus' to live well" - work of critical realism:

A) historicism(reflection of the contradictions of the life of peasants in the time of Uniform Russia (see above),

B) Depiction of typical characters in typical circumstances(a collective image of seven peasants, typical images of a priest, a landowner, peasants),

C) The original features of Nekrasov's realism- the use of folklore traditions, in which he was a follower of Lermontov and Ostrovsky.

Genre originality: Nekrasov used traditions folk epic, which allowed a number of researchers to interpret the genre "Who lives well in Rus'" as an epic (Prologue, a journey of men across Rus', a generalized people's view of the world - seven men). The poem is characterized by abundant use genres of folklore: A) Fairy tale(Prologue)

b) Bylina (traditions) - Saveliy, Holy Russian hero,

c) Song - ritual (wedding, harvesting, lamentation songs) and labor,

d) Parable (Woman's parable), e) Legend (About two great sinners), f) Proverbs, sayings, riddles.

The poem reflected the contradictions of Russian reality in the post-reform period:

a) Class contradictions (ch. "Landowner", "Last child"),

b) Contradictions in the peasant consciousness (on the one hand, the people are a great worker, on the other, a drunken ignorant mass),

c) The contradictions between the high spirituality of the people and ignorance, inertia, illiteracy, downtroddenness of the peasants (Nekrasov's dream of the time when the peasant "will carry Belinsky and Gogol from the market"),

d) Contradictions between strength, the rebellious spirit of the people and humility, long-suffering, humility (the images of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, and Jacob the faithful, an exemplary serf).

The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov was based on N. A. Dobrolyubov. The reflection of the evolution of the people's consciousness is associated with the images of seven men who are gradually approaching the truth of Grisha Dobrosklonov from the truth of the priest, Ermila Girin, Matrena Timofeevna, Savely. Nekrasov does not claim that the peasants accepted this truth, but this was not the author's task.

The poem is written in a “free” language, as close as possible to common speech. The verse of the poem is called Nekrasov's "brilliant find". Free and flexible poetic meter, independence from rhyme opened up the opportunity to generously convey the originality of the national language, while retaining all its accuracy, aphorism and special proverbial turns; organically weave into the fabric of the poem village songs, sayings, lamentations, elements of a folk tale (a magical tablecloth treats wanderers), skillfully reproduce the fervent speeches of peasants drunk at the fair, and the expressive monologues of peasant speakers, and the absurdly self-satisfied reasoning of a tyrant landowner. Colorful folk scenes, full of life and movements, many characteristic faces and figures - all this creates the unique polyphony of the Nekrasov poem, in which the voice of the author himself seems to disappear, and instead of him the voices and speeches of his countless characters are heard.

fairy tale motifs: in Prolog: social welfare(heroes, fairy-tale beginning “In what year - count, in what year - guess, chpor about happiness, everyday elements), magical( magic items) about Ivan the Fool, about animals( talking bird, fairy tale about the bird kingdom)

Songs: lyrical, social, ritual, author's cry

Pagan and Christian beliefs: wedding ceremony - braiding, ceremony after the wedding - sleigh ride, etc.

Peasant images are divided into 2 types:

Worked on the estate (Ipat, Yakov, Proshka)

Who is in the fields

On a psychological basis:

Serfs in the shower (Klim, Ipat, Jacob faithful, Yegorka Shutov)

Strive for freedom