Garshin biography for elementary school. Garshin V.M.

Russian writer, poet,

Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin

The surname Garshin comes from the Turkic-Persian garsh, Kursha "brave ruler, hero".

Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin was born on February 14, 1885 in the estate of Pleasant Valley in the Bakhmut district of the Yekaterinoslav province. Father - an officer participated in the Crimean War. Mother, the daughter of a naval officer, took part in the revolutionary democratic movement of the 1860s. As a five-year-old child, Vsevolod Garshin experienced a family drama that influenced his character.

The mother fell in love with the teacher of older children Zavadsky, the organizer political society abandoned her family. The father complained to the police, after which Zavadsky was arrested and exiled to Petrozavodsk on political charges. Mother moved to Petersburg to visit the exile. Until 1864, Vsevolod lived with his father on an estate near Starobelsk, then his mother took him to St. Petersburg, where he graduated from high school.

In 1874 Garshin entered the St. Petersburg Mining Institute. Two years later, he made his literary debut. The basis of the first satirical essay " True story Ensky zemstvo assembly ”(1876) laid down memories of provincial life. In his student years, Garshin appeared in print with articles about the Wanderers.

On the day Russia declared war on Turkey, April 12, 1877, Vsevolod Garshin volunteered to join the army. In August, he was wounded in a battle near the Bulgarian village of Ayaslar. Personal impressions served as material for the first story about the war, Four Days (1877), which Garshin wrote in the hospital. After the publication in the October issue of the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, Garshin's name became known throughout Russia.

Having received a year's leave for injury, Garshin returned to St. Petersburg, where he was warmly received by the writers of the circle of "Notes of the Fatherland" - Saltykov-Shchedrin, Uspensky. In 1878, Garshin was promoted to officer, retired for health reasons and continued his studies at St.auditor. The war left a deep imprint oncreationwriterand hisreceptive psyche. Simple in plot and composition, Garshin's stories amazed readers with the bareness of the hero's feelings. First person narration using diary entries, attention to painful emotional experiences created the effect of the absolute identity of the author and the hero. IN literary criticism of those years, the phrase was often encountered: "Garshin writes with blood." The writer combined the extremes of the manifestation of human feelings: a heroic, sacrificial impulse and awareness of the abomination of war (“Four Days”); a sense of duty, attempts to evade and the realization of the impossibility of this (Coward, 1879). The helplessness of a person before the elements of evil, emphasized by the tragic finals, has become main theme not only the military, but also the later stories of Garshin. For example, the story "The Incident" (1878), in which the writer shows the hypocrisy of society and the wildness of the crowd, condemning the prostitute.

Vsevolod MikhailovichGarshin repeatedly posed for Ilya Efimovich Repin. The piercing and sad look of his large black-diamond eyes is reflected in the canvases of the master “They didn’t wait”, “Ivan the Terrible kills his son” and in a surprisingly penetrating portrait of the writer himself. In one of the letters, Repin noted: "I have never seen this meekness, this dove-like purity in a person in my life. Like a crystal, a pure soul!"

Garshin did not find a solution to his painful spiritual searches. The story "Artists" (1879) is imbued with pessimistic reflections on the uselessness of real art. His hero talented artist Ryabinin, abandons painting and leaves for the village to teach peasant children.

In the story "Attalea princeps" (1880), Garshin symbolically expressed his worldview. The freedom-loving palm tree, in an effort to escape from the glass greenhouse, breaks through the roof and dies. Romantically referring to reality, Vsevolod Mikhailovich tried to break the vicious circle, and the painful psyche and complex nature returned the writer to a state of despair and hopelessness.In February 1880, the revolutionary terrorist Mlodetsky made an attempt on the life of the head of the Supreme Administrative Commission, Count Loris-Melikov. Garshin as famous writer obtained an audience with the count to ask for pardon for the criminal in the name of mercy and civil peace. He convinced a high dignitary that the execution of a terrorist would lengthen the chain of useless deaths in the struggle between the government and the revolutionaries. After the execution of Mlodetskyaffective insanityGarshin became aggravated and was placed in a psychiatric hospital. After a relative recovery, Garshin for a long time did not return to work.

In 1882, his collection "Stories" was published, which caused heated debate in the critics. Garshin was condemned for pessimism, the gloomy tone of his works. The Narodniks used the writer's work to show by his example how the modern intellectual is tormented and tormented by remorse. In August-September 1882, at the invitation of Turgenev, Garshin lived and worked on the story "From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov" (1883) in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo.

In the winter of 1883, Garshin married N. Zolotilova, a student of medical courses, and entered the service as secretary of the office of the Congress of Railway Representatives.

moral authorityVsevolod MikhailovichGarshin was high in society. The writer, with a heightened sensitivity to any injustice, was able to artistically express and condemn social evil. Including in the form of fairy tales: "Attalea princeps", "That which was not", "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose". "Frog traveler"washis last tale.

The poet's gift is to caress and scratch,

Fatal seal on it

White rose with black toad

I wanted to get married on earth

Let them not get along, let them not come true

These thoughts of pink days

But if the devils nested in the soul

So the angels lived in it!

Sergey Yesenin

The soil for the appearance of the image of a crowned rose and a toaddenoting the world of beauty and ugliness, white and black,Good and Evil, Hell and ParadiseGarshin's fairy tale "About the toad and the rose"

Vsevolod Mikhailovich was visiting a friend of the poet Polonsky and listened tomusic performedRubinsteinA, opposite which sat some unpleasant person. The contrast between a composer who created beautiful music and an unpleasantfor Garshinman was so great that he had an image of confrontation between a rose and a toad.In 1884He wrotefairy tale "About the toad and the rose".

When a rose bloomed in an abandoned flower garden, a toad turned up nearby. The pleasant and bewitching aroma of the rose confused the toad. Unable to express admiration, and not knowing what admiration is, a toadtried to speak as softly as possiblesaid to the object of his concern: “I will eat you!” And then, angry at the beautiful rose, so inaccessible and incomprehensible, the toadtwicetried to attack rose bush despite the spikes. Wounded, she crawled higher and higher until the boy's sister plucked the rose. The toad was kicked away. Her further fate is unknown.

The rose was brought into the house. The boy sniffedherand fell asleep in his last sleep. At the funeral, the rose lay next to the deceased.“When the rose began to wither, they put it in an old thick book and dried it, and then after many years they gave it to me. That is why I know the whole story,” writes V.M. Garshin.

In 1888 Vsevolod Mikhailovich's health deteriorated sharply. On March 19, 1888, during another bout of mental illness, being in a state of severe anguish, Garshin threw himself into the flight of stairs of one of the gloomy St. Petersburg houses. On March 24, the writer died.

The poet Alexei Pleshcheev wrote a poem on the day of Garshin's funeral:
There are not many who have purity of soul
He knew how to save amid the muddy waves of life,
How did you save, and in whom you were not able to
They put out the lamp of love...
Sleep peacefully, our dear brother!.. It will be long
In the hearts of people to live your bright image.
ABOUT! if we could, even for a moment,
Your eyelids open ... in our eyes
Would you read how boundless
Fills the soul with great sorrow
We thought that you left us forever!

Red flower

The most famous story of Garshin. Not being strictly auto-bio-graphic-fi-che-sky, he nevertheless absorbed the personal experience of a writer who suffered from manic-depressive psychosis and suffered an acute form of the disease in 1880

A new patient is brought to the provincial psychiatric hospital. He is violent, and the doctor fails to relieve the severity of the attack. He constantly walks from corner to corner of the room, hardly sleeps, and despite the enhanced nutrition prescribed by the doctor, he is losing weight irresistibly. He realizes that he is in a crazy house. An educated person, he largely retains his intellect and the properties of his soul. He is concerned about the abundance of evil in the world. And now, in the hospital, it seems to him that somehow he is standing in the center of a gigantic enterprise aimed at destroying evil on earth, and that other outstanding people of all ages who have gathered here are called to help him in this.

Meanwhile, summer is coming, patients spend whole days in the garden, cultivating vegetable beds and caring for a flower-nick.

Not far from the porch, the patient discovers three poppy bushes of an unusually bright scarlet color. The hero suddenly imagines that all the world's evil was embodied in these flowers, that they are so red because they absorbed the innocently shed blood of humanity, and that his the purpose on earth is to destroy the flower and with it all the evil of the world ...

He picks one flower, quickly hides it on his chest, and all evening begs others not to come near him.

The flower, it seems to him, is poisonous, and it would be better if this poison first passes into his chest than hit anyone else ... He himself is ready to die, “as an honest fighter and as the first fighter of mankind, because until now no one dared to fight at once with all the evil of the world.

In the morning, the paramedic finds him a little alive, so the struggle with the poisonous secretions of the red flower tormented the hero ...

Three days later, he plucks the second flower, despite the protests of the watchman, and again hides it on his chest, feeling at the same time how evil wriggles out of the flower in “long, snake-like, creeping streams.”

This struggle is even more annoying for the patient. The doctor, seeing the critical condition of the patient, whose severity is aggravated by incessant walking, orders to put on a straitjacket and tie him to the bed.

The patient resists - after all, he needs to pick the last flower and destroy evil. He tries to explain to his watchmen what danger threatens them all if they do not let him go - after all, only he in the whole world can defeat the insidious flower - they themselves will die from one touch no-venia to him. The watchmen sympathize with him, but do not pay attention to the patient's warnings. Then he decides to deceive the vigilance of his watchmen. Pretending to have calmed down, he waits for the night and then shows miracles of dexterity and intelligence. He frees himself from the straitjacket and fetters, with a desperate effort bends the iron bar of the window grille, climbs along the stone fence. With torn fingernails and okro-va-len hands, he finally gets to the last flower.

In the morning he is found dead. The face is calm, light and filled with proud happiness. In the stiffened hand there is a red flower, which the fighter against evil takes with him to the grave.

Life story
"Each letter cost me a drop of blood"

Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin was born on February 2, 1855 in the Bakhmut district of the Yekaterinoslav province, into a poor noble family. His father was an officer in a cuirassier regiment. His colleagues who took part in the recently ended Crimean War often gathered in their house, so the boy grew up under the impression of their stories about the heroic defense of Sevastopol.
Raised the young Garshin P.V. Zavadsky, who was a member secret society who maintained contact with Herzen. Future Writer grew up under the influence of advanced democratic ideas. He even learned to read from one of the Sovremennik books. In his biography, Garshin noted that at the age of 8 he had already read the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do".
In 1864, Garshin entered one of the St. Petersburg real gymnasiums. He read a lot, was interested in social problems. The boy spent hours watching nature, plants and animals. He carried his interest in natural science throughout his life. Contemporaries who talked with Garshin, a high school student, spoke of him as an inquisitive and thoughtful young man who very early began to experience vague aspirations to fight "world evil." One of Garshin’s comrades at the gymnasium later wrote about this: “It often happened that this cheerful-looking, carefree schoolboy would suddenly calm down, fall silent, as if dissatisfied with himself and those around him, as if bitter to him that there was not enough smart and good around. Sometimes, at the same time, remarks about the need to fight evil came out of his mouth, and sometimes very strange views were expressed on how to arrange the happiness of all mankind.
The painful impression that it had on Garshin public life of that time, often led to an aggravation of the mental illness to which he was subject from early age. Her seizures were infrequent. In his normal state, Vsevolod Mikhailovich was a cheerful and purposeful young man.
In 1874 Garshin graduated from the gymnasium. The dream of entering the university was not destined to come true, because graduates of real gymnasiums were not accepted there. Therefore, Vsevolod Mikhailovich decided to enter the Mining Institute, although he never experienced any particular zeal for mastering engineering skills.
Education at the institute was interrupted in April 1877, when the war with Turkey began for the liberation of the Balkan Slavs. Garshin met the day Russia declared war on Turkey like this: “April 12, 1877, my friend (Afanasiev) and I were preparing for an exam in chemistry. They brought a manifesto about the war. Our notes are open. We filed a letter of resignation and left for Chisinau, where we entered the 138th Bolkhovsky Regiment as privates and went on a campaign a day later ... ”Later, Garshin will describe this campaign in the story“ From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov.
Vsevolod wrote to his mother about his decision to volunteer for the active army: “I can’t hide behind the walls of an institution when my peers expose their foreheads and chests to bullets. Bless me." In response, he received a short telegram "With God, dear."
On August 11, Garshin was wounded in the battle of Ayaslar (Bulgaria). The report about him said that he "by an example of personal courage led his comrades forward in the attack, during which he was wounded in the leg." Then, while being treated in a military hospital, he wrote his first story "Four Days", which was regarded by critics and contemporaries as a brilliant writing debut. This small work put on a par with such outstanding creations as "Sevastopol stories" L.N. Tolstoy and battle paintings by V. Vereshchagin. In May 1878, at the end of the war, Garshin was promoted to officer, but less than a year later he retired for health reasons and devoted himself entirely to literary work.
Garshin's works began to be published in those years when he was a student. In 1876, his first newspaper essay "The True History of the Ensk Zemstvo Assembly" was published. In it, Garshin turned to such sharp social problems of his time, like famine in the countryside and complete indifference to the plight of the people zemstvo authorities. This satire on zemstvo institutions appeared just at the time when the zemstvo was considered the basis of people's self-government and was regarded as one of the most important achievements of the era of "great reforms."
Garshin's skeptical attitude towards reforms ran counter to public opinion. Indicative in this sense is a poem written by Vsevolod Mikhailovich on February 19, 1876, on the 15th anniversary of the abolition of serfdom, in which the poet says that the fall of the "rusty shackles" of serfdom did not alleviate the situation of the peasantry.

“... Shameless crowd
Do not doze off; webs are coming soon
Wounded body entangled
And the old torment began! .. "

In 1877 in " Domestic notes”The story “Four Days” was published. It reflected the attitude of Garshin himself to the war, which, according to the author, is unnatural and hostile to man. However, despite the fact that the hero of the story is not able to explain why people wage wars and kill each other, he again and again goes into battle, obeying duty, a natural sense of justice.
In the story "Coward", written in 1879, the main character again appears as a man, shocked by the realization of the incalculable suffering that war brings to people. The story begins with the words "The war definitely haunts me." Garshin put into the mouth of the hero and his own opinion. He also cannot reconcile himself to the legitimacy of deliberately orchestrated bloodshed. “I do not talk about the war,” he writes, “and I relate to it with a direct feeling, outraged by the mass of shed blood.” Nevertheless, the rejection of the war did not become a reason for the hero to avoid participation in it, which he would consider dishonorable for himself.
The special tone of narration inherent only to Garshin even today gives his works an extremely modern sound. Vsevolod Mikhailovich was one of the first to comprehend the philosophy of war. This is how he describes the movement of the army to the place of future battles in his last military story “From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov” “We went around the cemetery, leaving it to the right. And it seemed to me that it was looking at us through the fog in a misunderstanding. “Why do you, thousands, thousands of miles away, die in foreign fields, when you can die here too, die peacefully and lie down under my wooden crosses and stone slabs .. Stay!”
But we didn't stay. We were attracted by an unknown secret force, there is no greater force in human life. Each one would go home separately, but the whole mass walked, obeying not discipline, not the consciousness of the rightness of the cause, not the feeling of hatred for the unknown enemy, not the fear of punishment, but that unknown and unconscious that for a long time will lead humanity to a bloody slaughter - the biggest reason all sorts of human troubles and suffering ... "
In the same story, Garshin gives a description of the battle, in which, as if looking ahead, he refutes the accusation of the Russian army of mythical bloodthirstiness, which was repeatedly heard during the war in Chechnya. “They say that there is no one who would not be afraid in battle; every unboastful and direct person, when asked if he is afraid, will answer terribly. But there was not that physical fear that takes possession of a person at night, in a back alley, when meeting with a robber; there was a full, clear consciousness of the inevitability and proximity of death. And - these words sound wild and strange - this consciousness did not stop people, did not make them think about flight, but led them forward. The bloodthirsty instincts did not wake up, I did not want to go forward to kill someone, but there was an inevitable urge to go forward at all costs, and the thought of what to do during the battle would not be expressed in words need to be killed, but rather must die."
In works devoted to peaceful life, Garshin, as well as in military prose, acts as a master of socio-psychological storytelling. His hero - “a humble, good-natured young man who until now knew only his books, and the audience, and his family, who thought in a year or two to start a different work, a work of love and truth” - suddenly encounters some glaring fact, full of deep tragedy and abruptly changing his attitude to life. Such a clash leads to a severe moral crisis, which is resolved either by immersion "there, in this grief", as happens in the story "Artists", or by the suicide of the protagonist, who could not cope with mental discord ("The Incident"). Usually, it is precisely according to this scheme that the action develops in the works of Garshin.
The writer considers social contradictions in their everyday appearance, but the everyday in his stories ceases to be such and takes on the character of a crushing nightmare. In order to see the tragedies of everyday life hidden from the ordinary view, it is necessary to experience a sudden mental shock that brings a person out of passive participation in everyday evil. Faced with the fact of injustice or untruth, the hero of Garshin's stories begins to reflect on his situation and painfully seek a way out of the situation. Often these reflections lead to a tragic denouement.
For the writer, there were no single expressions of life's untruth; in each specific image, he saw "all the innocently shed blood, all the tears, all the bile of mankind." Therefore, along with psychological stories, Vsevolod Mikhailovich turned to the genre of allegorical fairy tales. Among his indisputable masterpieces is the story "The Red Flower", which combines the features of these two genres. Showing social evil in all its nakedness, Garshin, like many of his contemporaries, seeks to awaken the reader's hard work of thought, "kill his calmness", disturb his conscience, make him rise up against the evil and injustice of the cruel world of people.
Professor Sikorsky, a well-known psychiatrist in the 19th century, believed that in the story "The Red Flower", which takes place in a psychiatric hospital, Garshin gave a classic depiction of mental illness. Unfortunately, many episodes of this story were autobiographical character. Its main character, a poor madman, saw three red flowers in the hospital garden and, imagining that they contained all the world's evil, destroyed them at the cost of his own life.
Garshin ended his story with the words “In the morning he was found dead. His face was calm and light; emaciated features with thin lips and deeply sunken closed eyes expressed a kind of proud happiness. When they put him on a stretcher, they tried to open his hand and take out a red flower. But his hand became stiff, and he took his trophy to the grave.
Many critics wrote that Garshin portrayed the fight not with evil, but with an illusion or metaphor of evil, showing the heroic madness of his character. However, in contrast to those who create illusions that he is the ruler of the world, who has the right to decide other people's destinies, the hero of the story died with the belief that evil can be defeated. Garshin himself belonged to this category. This is evidenced, perhaps somewhat childishly naive, by the writer's tales "Attalea princeps", "That which was not", "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose" and, of course, the last written by him literary work- "Frog traveler".
In the mid-1880s, Garshin experienced creative crisis. The genre of the psychological story ceased to satisfy the writer, since it focused on the spiritual drama of the main character, and the surrounding external world stayed away. “I feel,” Vsevolod Mikhailovich wrote in 1885, “that I need to retrain first. For me, the time has passed for terrible, fragmentary cries, some kind of “poetry in prose”, with which I have until now dealt with the material, I have enough, and I need to depict not my “I”, but the big outside world.
IN last years life, Garshin felt the need to create a large epic work. However, this did not mean at all that he was going to abandon his former principles. Vsevolod Mikhailovich set himself the task of combining the image of the inner world of people with a heightened sense of responsibility for the untruth prevailing in society, with broad everyday paintings"big outside world".
Garshin had far-reaching creative plans. He collected historical materials dating back to the time of Peter the Great, conceived a semi-philosophical, semi-scientific novel with elements of spiritualism, and was also preparing to work on the novel "People and War". But Garshin failed to fully open up in the new style. His creative quest was interrupted by a sudden death. In the new manner, the writer created only a few works, in particular the stories "Nadezhda Nikolaevna" and "From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov."
In 1888, Vsevolod Mikhailovich's health deteriorated sharply. As G. Uspensky, who was a friend of Garshin, wrote, his illness “feeded the impressions of real life”, which were painful even for healthy people, and for the sick psyche of the writer turned out to be disastrous. In his article “Death of V.M. Garshin" G. Uspensky characterizes these impressions of the "reactionary era" in this way: "The same daily "rumor" - and always gloomy and disturbing; one and the same blow to the same sore spot, and certainly, moreover, to the sick one, and certainly to such a place that needs to “heal”, get better, rest from suffering; a blow to the heart that asks for a good feeling, a blow to a thought that yearns for the right to live, a blow to the conscience that wants to feel like ... - that's what life gave Garshin after he had already suffered her grief.
Vsevolod Mikhailovich could not endure all these blows. On March 19, 1888, during another bout of mental illness, being in a state of severe anguish, Garshin rushed into the flight of stairs of one of the gloomy St. Petersburg houses. On March 24, the writer died.
V.M. Garshin was called "modern Hamlet", "Hamlet of the heart". According to contemporaries, the writer was brought closer to this Shakespearean hero by a painfully aggravated rejection of any injustice, imperfection of human relationships, which caused him constant, almost physical torments of conscience and compassion. Garshin himself, shortly before his tragic death, admitted: “Whether it was written well or not well is an outside question; but that I really wrote with my nerves alone, and that each letter cost me a drop of blood, this, really, will not be an exaggeration.
Once, talking with A.P. Chekhov, V.G. Korolenko suggested that if Vsevolod Mikhailovich during his lifetime could be protected “from the painful impressions of our reality, to remove for a while from literature and politics, and most importantly, to remove from a tired soul that consciousness of social responsibility that so oppresses a Russian person with a sensitive conscience. ..”, then his sick soul could find peace. But Anton Pavlovich answered this remark: “No, this is an irreparable matter, some molecular particles in the brain have moved apart, and nothing can move them ...”
That is the drama of the situation, that in own creativity Garshin strove with all the strength of a kind and vulnerable heart, "with his nerves alone" to connect the disintegrated "molecular particles" of the world in which he lived. It can be stated with absolute certainty that the impetus for writing each work was the shock experienced by the author himself. Not excitement or chagrin, but shock, and therefore each letter cost the writer "a drop of blood." At the same time, Garshin, according to Yu. Aikhenvald, “did not breathe anything sick and restless into his works, did not frighten anyone, did not show neurasthenia in himself, did not infect others with it ...”.

The well-known representative of Russian prose Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin was born on February 2, 1855 in the Yekaterinoslav province (nowadays it is the Donetsk region, Ukraine). His father was an officer.

At the age of five, Garshin became a witness family drama, which ultimately affected his health and significantly influenced the attitude and the formation of character. His mother was in love with P.V. Zavadsky, the teacher of older children, who was also the organizer of a secret political society. Soon, because of her love for him, she left her children and husband. Garshin's father reacted to this by complaining to the police. Soon Zavadsky was arrested and exiled to Petrozavodsk. Despite this, the mother moved to St. Petersburg in order to see her beloved more often. And little Vsevolod, in turn, became the subject of parental contention.

Until 1864, Garshin lived with his father, after some time his mother took him to St. Petersburg and sent him to study at the gymnasium. After graduation in 1874 future prose writer enters the Mining Institute. Here he realizes that literature fascinates him more than science, and soon begins to write essays and articles on art history.

On the day when in 1877 Russia started the war with Turkey, Garshin voluntarily enlisted in the ranks of the army. During one of his first battles, he was wounded in the leg. And although the wound was not serious, Garshin did not take part in further battles.

After the end of the war, being in the status of a retired officer, for some time he was a volunteer at the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University, and soon he devoted himself entirely to literary activity.

Very soon, the writer became famous, and his stories about the war “Four Days”, “Coward” and “From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov” were most popular.

With the onset of the 80s, Garshin increasingly began to manifest a mental illness that had tormented him since his youth. Most likely, this aggravation was associated with the execution of Mlodetsky, a revolutionary whom Garshin tried in every possible way to justify before the authorities. The next two years of his life passed in the Kharkov psychiatric hospital.

In 1883, the prose writer decided to marry N. M. Zolotilova, who was a student of women's courses in medicine. It was at this happy time for Garshin that one of his the best stories"Red flower".

Published after 4 years last work Vsevolod Mikhailovich - a fairy tale for children "The Traveling Frog". Very soon, the writer is seized by one of his usual depressive attacks, and already on March 24, 1888, during another seizure, he commits suicide by throwing himself down a flight of stairs. Garshin was buried in St. Petersburg.

We draw your attention to the fact that the biography of Garshin Vsevolod Mikhailovich presents the most basic moments from life. Some minor life events may be omitted from this biography.

The creations of Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin can be safely put on a par with the works of the largest masters of Russian psychological prose- Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, Chekhov. Alas, the writer was not allowed to live long life, the biography of V. M. Garshin ends at number 33. The writer was born in February 1855, and died in March 1888. His death turned out to be as fatal and tragic as the whole worldview, expressed in short and poignant stories. Acutely feeling the inevitability of evil in the world, the writer created amazing in depth psychological drawing works, survived them with his heart and mind and could not defend himself against the monstrous disharmony that reigns in the social and moral life of people. Heredity, a special temperament experienced in childhood drama, sharp feeling personal guilt and responsibility for the injustices that are happening in reality - everything led to madness, the point at which, rushing down the flight of stairs, V. M. Garshin himself put.

Brief biography of the writer. Children's impressions

He was born in Ukraine, in the Ekaterinoslav province, on an estate with the lovely name Pleasant Valley. The father of the future writer was an officer, a participant. Mom was distinguished by progressive views, spoke several languages, read a lot and, undoubtedly, managed to inspire her son with the nihilistic moods characteristic of the sixties of the 19th century. The woman boldly broke with the family, passionately carried away by the revolutionary Zavadsky, who lived in the family as a teacher of older children. Of course, this event pierced with a “knife” little heart five-year-old Vsevolod. Partly because of this, the biography of V. M. Garshin is not without gloomy colors. The mother, who was in conflict with the father for the right to raise her son, took him to St. Petersburg and assigned him to the gymnasium. Ten years later, Garshin entered the Mining Institute, but did not receive a diploma, since his studies were interrupted by the Russian-Turkish war of 1877.

War experience

On the very first day, the student signed up as a volunteer and in one of the first battles fearlessly rushed to the attack, receiving a minor wound in the leg. Garshin received the rank of officer, but did not return to the battlefield. The impressionable young man was shocked by the pictures of the war, he could not come to terms with the fact that people blindly and ruthlessly exterminate each other. He did not return to the institute, where he began to study mining: the young man was imperiously attracted to literature. For some time he attended lectures as a volunteer at the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University, and then began to write stories. Anti-war sentiments and experienced shock resulted in works that instantly made the novice writer famous and desirable in many editions of that time.

Suicide

The mental illness of the writer developed in parallel with his work and social activities. He was treated in a psychiatric clinic. But soon after that (the biography of V. M. Garshin mentions this bright event), his life was illuminated by love. The writer regarded marriage with a novice physician Nadezhda Zolotilova as best years own life. By 1887, the writer's illness was aggravated by the fact that he was forced to leave the service. In March 1888, Garshin was going to the Caucasus. Things were already packed and the time was set. After a night tormented by insomnia, Vsevolod Mikhailovich suddenly went out onto the landing, went down one flight below and rushed down from a height of four floors. Literary images suicides, which burned the soul in his short stories, were embodied terribly and irreparably. The writer was taken to the hospital with serious injuries, and six days later he died. Message about V. M. Garshin, about his tragic death, caused great public excitement.

To say goodbye to the writer at the "Literary bridges" of the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg (now there is a museum-necropolis), people of various strata and estates gathered. The poet Pleshcheev wrote a lyrical obituary in which he expressed acute pain that Garshin was a great man pure soul- no longer among the living. literary heritage prose still disturbs the souls of readers and is the subject of research by philologists.

Creativity V. M. Garshin. Anti-militarist theme

The liveliest interest in the inner world of a person surrounded by merciless reality is the central theme in Garshin's writings. sincerity and empathy in the author's prose, undoubtedly, feeds on the source of great Russian literature, which since the time of the book "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum" has shown a deep interest in the "dialectics of the soul".

Garshin the narrator first appeared before the reading public with the work "Four Days". A soldier with broken legs lay on the battlefield for so long until his fellow soldiers found him. The story is told in the first person and resembles the stream of consciousness of a person exhausted by pain, hunger, fear and loneliness. He hears groans, but with horror he realizes that it is he who groans. Near him, the corpse of the enemy he killed is decomposing. Looking at this picture, the hero is horrified by the face on which the skin has burst, the grin of the skull is terribly bare - the face of war! Other stories breathe similar anti-war pathos: “Coward”, “Batman and Officer”, “From the Memoirs of Private Ivanov”.

Thirst for harmony

With the utmost frankness, the heroine of the story “The Incident” appears before the reader, earning a living with her body. The narrative is built in the same manner of confession, merciless introspection, characteristic of Garshin. A woman who has met her “support”, a man who unwittingly put her on the path of choosing between a “impudent, rouged cocotte” and “a lawful wife and ... a noble parent”, is trying to change her fate. Such an understanding of the theme of a harlot in Russian literature of the 19th century is perhaps the first time. In the story "Artists" Garshin embodied with renewed vigor the idea of ​​Gogol, who firmly believed that the emotional shock produced by art can change people for the better. In the short story "Meeting" the author shows how the cynical belief that all means are good to achieve well-being takes possession of the minds of the seemingly best representatives of the generation.

Happiness is in the sacrificial deed

The story "Red Flower" is a special event that marked creative biography V. M. Garshin. It tells the story of a madman who is sure that the "bloody" flower in the hospital garden contains all the lies and cruelty of the world, and the hero's mission is to destroy it. Having committed an act, the hero dies, and his deadly brightened face expresses "proud happiness." According to the writer, a person is not able to defeat the world's evil, but a high honor to those people who cannot put up with it and are ready to sacrifice their lives to overcome it.

All the works of Vsevolod Garshin - essays and short stories - were accumulated in just one volume, but the shock that his prose produced in the hearts of thoughtful readers is incredibly great.

Among the prose writers of the 19th century, creativity stands out as a bright spot. outstanding writer Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin. Being the central personality, he secured for himself the concept of "a man of the Garshin warehouse" for centuries.

The date of birth of the famous prose writer is February 2, 1855. The childhood years of the future author are connected with the Pleasant Valley, where the atmosphere was filled with conversations in military theme, since his father was a man of this profession, and Vsevolod's mother, a pleasant, educated woman, provided comfort.

However, happy days in the fifth year of the boy's life were not overshadowed by simple relationship parents. His mental health was undermined by what he experienced watching his father try to take revenge on Vsevolod's mother's lover. The disintegration of the family oppressed the state of the child every day. The prevailing attitude was reflected in the work of the future writer.

Forced in connection with the betrayal of the mother, the move to St. Petersburg also subsequently affected the psyche of the child, expressed in nervous disorders. In this city, for 10 years, Vsevolod attended gymnasium No. 7. Education at the Mining Institute was interrupted by the outbreak of hostilities in which he took part. The resulting injury led to his resignation, after which the young man took up literary activity. The theme of the war was instantly reflected in his first story "Four Days". His second work "Red Flower" (1883) refers to the new art form- novel genre.

The peak of the popularity of Garshin's literary activity comes in the 80s. In his works one can feel sincerity, humanity, participation in the fate of the surrounding people, talent. Due to mental instability, he was too sensitive to ongoing events in society, political life countries. The death penalty of the Narodnaya Volya I. Mlodetsky, who attempted to assassinate Count M. Loris-Melikov, finally violated his mind. In dismay, unable to find a way out of the unfair situation, he aimlessly traveled around several cities. After that, he was placed on forced treatment in a hospital for the mentally ill. Despite the improvement of the condition, living in the uncle's estate, the condition worsened again. Prolonged depression led him to attempt suicide. For several days, doctors try to save him, but in vain. In March 1888, V. Garshin died.

The literary heritage of a talented writer is not great. However, each of his works is a kind of masterpiece, which received worldwide fame. Each fact from the biography of V. M. Garshin is a component of his inner world, filled with goodness and a positive beginning.

Very briefly

Date of birth - February 2, 1855, date of death - April 5, 1888. Vsevolod Mikhailovich is a Russian critic, prose writer, and also a publicist. Born in the family of an officer, his father was a participant in the Crimean War.

The work of the prose writer had, to a greater extent, a special social orientation, namely, it touched upon the problems that exist in the life of the intelligentsia. Most often, Garshin wrote in the genre of a story or a short story. Also in his work you can find a fairly large number of military works.

The writer passed his training first at the gymnasium, where he had already begun to write, and later at the Mining Institute. After some time, Garshin begins to attend the philological faculty of the famous St. Petersburg University. At this time, he writes several of his works: "Artists", as well as "Meeting".

Later, the prose writer is directly involved in Russian-Turkish war, which gives him a reason to write such works of his as "A Very Short Novel", as well as "Four Days".

In the early seventies of the nineteenth century, the writer begins to suffer from mental disorder. Later, for the same reason, Garshin commits suicide. The famous prose writer is buried in St. Petersburg.

Biography 3

Vsevolod Garshin is a wonderful Russian poet, writer, and prose writer who wrote many the most interesting works, which, one way or another, had an impact, both on the worldview of readers and on the whole literary world in particular. In his works, one can often see events that, one way or another, affected the life of the writer himself, since his life is very tragic and difficult.

This figure of literature was born in 1855, in quite famous family aristocracy of that time. All his virginity they protected him and took care of the boy as best they could, to which he later became accustomed, and which became one of the aggravating factors in his mental problems. At the age of five, a boy who had lived a quiet life until that time was overtaken by a terrible misfortune. Disagreements occur in his family, and his mother, having fallen in love with another person, goes to him, what Vsevolod's father finds out, and decides to go to the police, and after long litigation, the conflict is resolved, and the mother leaves the family. As he grows older, the boy becomes more and more closed in himself as a young man, but he also begins to be interested in literature. After reaching a certain age, his father sends him to study at the Mining Institute, but, unfortunately, the young man is more interested in literature and versification than science and discoveries, and young Vsevolod decides to give himself completely this case. After graduation, the guy begins to write a lot various works, who subsequently notice large literary publications, who, promising the guy innumerable popularity and wealth, take him under their publishing house. Thus, the young Vsevolod, who was not yet very accomplished, writes a large number of works, which, under the auspices of the publishing house, are gaining, though not great, but popularity.

The writer also participated in Turkish war. When the war had just begun, Vsevolod first decided to go to the front as a volunteer. Fueled by his enthusiasm and courage, he leads a detachment, but in the first battle he is wounded in the leg. The wound is not critical for possible military career guy, but he decides not to return to the front anymore because of the fear of death.

Later, the writer pops up his mental illness, to which he did not attach much importance, after which he is sent for treatment to a psychiatric hospital. After some time, he is released from it, but his psychological illness remains uncured, and in one of the attacks he commits suicide.

4th grade. Summary. Grade 5 For children.

Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important.

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