Russian folk tales. Types of fairy tales and artistic features of each genre

A fairy tale is a specific phenomenon that unites several genres. Russian fairy tales are usually divided into the following genres: about animals, magical and everyday (anecdotal and novelistic). In historical terms, fairy tales are a rather late phenomenon. The prerequisite for their creation in each nation was the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the decline of the mythological worldview. The most ancient are fairy tales about animals, later fairy tales and anecdotes appeared, and even later short stories.

The main artistic feature of fairy tales is their plot. The plot arose due to the conflict, and the conflict was generated by life. At the heart of a fairy tale there is always an antithesis between a dream and reality. In the world of a fairy tale, a dream triumphs. In a fairy tale always appears main character, the action unfolds around it. The victory of the hero is a mandatory setting of the plot, a fabulous action does not allow violation of chronology or development parallel lines, it is strictly sequential and unilinear.

Fairy tales can be combined in one story. This phenomenon is called contamination (from Latin contaminatio - "mixing.

Fairy-tale plots have the usual epic development: exposition - plot - development of action - climax - denouement. Compositionally, a fairy tale plot consists of motives. A fairy tale usually has a main, central motif. Fairy tale motifs are often tripled: three tasks, three trips, three meetings, etc. This creates a measured epic rhythm, a philosophical tone, and restrains the dynamic impetuousness of the plot action. But the main thing is that triplings serve to reveal the idea of ​​the plot. Elementary plots consist of only one motif (probably ancient myths were such). A more complex type are cumulative plots (from the Latin cumulare - "increase, accumulation") - resulting from the accumulation of chains of variations of the same motif. Telling fairy tales they used traditional beginnings and endings - initial and final formulas. They were used especially consistently in fairy tales. The most typical are: In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived...(beginning); Made a feast for the whole world. And I was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth(ending). The beginning led the listeners out of reality into the world of a fairy tale, and the ending brought them back, jokingly emphasizing that the fairy tale is the same fiction as the very same honey beer, which did not enter the mouth.

Tales about animals (or animal epic) are distinguished by the main feature that their main characters are animals. Structurally, the works of the animal epic are diverse. There are single-motif tales ("The Wolf and the Pig", "The Fox drowns the jug"), but they are rare, since the principle of repetition is very developed. First of all, it manifests itself in cumulative plots. different kind. Among them - a three-time repetition of the meeting ("Bast and ice hut"). Plots are known with a multiple line of repetition ("Foolish Wolf"), which can sometimes claim to develop into a bad infinity ("The Crane and the Heron"). But most often cumulative plots are presented as multiply (up to 7 times) increasing or decreasing frequency. The last link has a resolving possibility.

For the composition of fairy tales about animals, contamination is of great importance. Only in a small part of these tales are stable plots, but in the main, the index does not reflect plots, but only motives. The motifs connect with each other in the process of storytelling, but are almost never performed separately.

The genre form of the fairy tale was determined in folklore quite late, only after the decline of the mythological worldview. Hero of a fairy tale - a common person, morally and economically infringed as a result of the historical reorganization of the everyday way of life. Actually, the fairy tale conflict is a family conflict, it is in it that the social nature of the fairy tale genre is manifested. Two conflicts of different historical depths - mythological and family - are united within the same genre thanks to the image of the protagonist, who in all his modifications combines mythological and real (everyday) features.

From mythology, the tale inherited two types of hero: "high" (hero) and "low" (fool); the fairy tale itself generated the third type, which can be defined as "ideal" (Ivan Tsarevich). A hero of any type, as a rule, is the third, younger brother and is named Ivan.

Most ancient type hero - a hero, miraculously born from a totem. endowed with enormous physical strength, it expresses the early stage of human idealization. Around the extraordinary strength of the hero. The main role of the heroine of a fairy tale is to be an assistant to the groom or husband. The fairy tale is one of the largest narrative forms classical folklore. All her plots retain the traditional uniformity of the composition: his kingdom road to another kingdom - V another kingdom - road from another kingdom - his own kingdom. According to this narrative logic, a fairy tale combines into a whole (into a plot) a chain of motives.

Traditional stylistics played a certain role in the construction of fairy-tale plots: beginnings, endings, as well as internal formulas of a compositional nature.

The presence of formulas is a clear sign of the style of a fairy tale. Many formulas are pictorial in nature, associated with wonderful characters, are their kind of marking.

The fairy tale actively used the poetic style common to many folklore genres: comparisons, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes; proverbs, sayings, jokes; various nicknames for people and animals Formulas depicting a wonderful horse, Baba Yaga, are widely known. Some fairy tale formulas go back to conspiracies, they retain clear signs of magical speech (calling a wonderful horse,

Household fairy tales. In everyday fairy tales, a different view of a person and the world around him is expressed. At the heart of their fiction are not miracles, but reality, folk everyday life.

The events of everyday fairy tales always unfold in one space - conditionally real, but these events themselves are incredible Due to the improbability of events, everyday fairy tales are fairy tales, and not just everyday stories. Their aesthetics requires an unusual, unexpected, sudden development of action. In everyday fairy tales, purely fantastic characters sometimes appear, such as the devil, grief, share. The plot develops due to the clash of the hero not with magical powers but with difficult life circumstances. The hero comes out unscathed from the most hopeless situations, because he is helped by a happy coincidence of events. But more often he helps himself - with ingenuity, resourcefulness, even trickery. Everyday fairy tales idealize the activity, independence, intelligence, courage of a person in his life struggle.

The artistic sophistication of the narrative form is not characteristic of everyday fairy tales: they are characterized by brevity of presentation, colloquial vocabulary, and dialogue. Everyday fairy tales do not tend to triple motives and generally do not have such developed plots as fairy tales. Tales of this type do not know colorful epithets and poetic formulas.

Of the compositional formulas, the simplest concept is common in them Once upon a time, there were as a signal for the beginning of a fairy tale. It is archaic in origin.

The artistic framing of everyday fairy tales with beginnings and endings is not mandatory, many of them begin right from the beginning and end with the final touch of the plot itself.

Anecdotal tales. Researchers call everyday anecdotal tales differently: "satiric", "satiric-comic", "everyday", "social everyday", "adventurous". They are based on universal laughter as a means of resolving conflict and destroying the enemy. The hero of this genre is a person humiliated in the family or in society: a poor peasant, a hired worker, a thief, a soldier, a simple-hearted fool, an unloved husband. His opponents are a rich man, a priest, a gentleman, a judge, a devil, "smart" older brothers, an evil wife.

No one accepts such stories as reality, otherwise they would only cause a feeling of indignation. An anecdotal tale is a hilarious farce, the logic of the development of its plot is the logic of laughter, which is opposite to ordinary logic, is eccentric. The anecdotal tale took shape only in the Middle Ages. She absorbed later class contradictions: between wealth and poverty, between peasants. In fairy tales, realistic grotesque is used - fiction based on reality. The tale uses the technique of parody, comic word creation. Anecdotal tales can have an elementary, one-motif plot. They are also cumulative ("Stuffed fool", "Good and bad"). But their especially characteristic property is a free and mobile composition, open to contamination.

Novels tales. Everyday short story tales introduced a new quality into narrative folklore: an interest in inner world person.

The theme of short stories is personal life, and the characters are people related to each other by premarital, marital or other family relationships. The heroes of short stories are separated lovers, a slandered girl, a son expelled by his mother, an innocently persecuted wife. According to the content in this genre, the following groups of plots are distinguished: about marriage or marriage ("Signs of the Princess", "Unsolved Riddles"); about testing women ("Dispute about fidelity of the wife", "Seven years"); about robbers ("Groom-robber"); about the predetermination of the predicted fate ("Marko the Rich", "Truth and Falsehood"). Often the plots are "wandering", developed in different time and in many nations.

In the Russian fairy tale, many short story plots came from folk books XVII-XVIII centuries together with an extensive translation literature - chivalric romances and stories. Short stories have a structure similar to fairy tales: they also consist of a chain of motifs with different content. However, unlike fairy tales, short stories depict not the whole life of the hero, but only some episode from it.

In my student years, this issue was well covered by one of our university teachers from the Department of Preschool Pedagogy.

It's time to blow the dust off the mossy notes, and share with you the well-known classification of fairy tales.

A fairy tale is a magical opportunity to penetrate the soul of a child, using all the power artistic means and imagination of a small person.

Despite its simplicity (which is one of the facets of the genius of fairy-tale art), their classification is unexpectedly extensive and multifaceted.

What are fairy tales?

There are 3 main types of fairy tales:

1. Animal Tales
2. Fairy tales
3. Household fairy tales

Let's take them in order:

Animal Tales

Since ancient times, man has existed side by side with animals. There is nothing surprising in the fact that such a neighborhood is reflected in folk art.

It is noteworthy that animals as such only occasionally become participants in the works. For the most part, in fairy tales about animals, “animals” are endowed with human features.

This image makes the character understandable and attractive at the same time.

Works of this type can be conditionally classified:

By the nature of the characters:

• Wild animals
• Pets
• Inanimate objects (sun, wind, frost)
• Items (oven, bast shoes)
• mixed variations

By the role of the person in the plot:

• dominant
• Equitable
• Minor

By genre:

• Magic fairy tale about animals
• Cumulative fairy tale about animals (multiple cyclical repetition of plot elements)
• Fable
• satirical

By target audience:

• For children (for a story to children / for a story by the children themselves)
• For adults

I note that the above classification is rather arbitrary and can have many variations.

Let's move on to the next type.

Fairy tale

The peculiarity of this type of fairy tales is that characters placed in some fantastic unreal world that exists according to its own laws, different from ours.

As a rule, the action in such fairy tales is built according to a certain pattern. It is on the basis of similarity storylines and their classification is built:

1. Heroic tales associated with the victory over a magical creature (serpent, giant)
   • Heroic tales related to adventures in search of a magical item.
2. archaic tales
   • Tales of the family persecuted with mythical elements.
   • Tales about the family persecuted without mythical elements.
3. Fairy Tales
4. Tales of Magic Items
5. Fairy tales related to wedding trials

Household tales:

The peculiarity of this type lies in the reflection of everyday everyday life, social problems, ridiculing the bad human qualities. Allocate:

• satirical household
• Social
• novelistic
• With fairy tale elements
• mixed type

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The life of a fairy tale is continuous creative process. In each new era there is a partial or complete renewal of the fairy tale plot. When it concerns the rearrangement of ideological accents, a new fairy-tale version arises. This feature of the tale requires careful study of each fairy tale text.

In a fairy tale there are constant values ​​that have developed as a result of its traditional character, and variables that have arisen as a result of endless retellings.

The most important feature of a fairy tale is a special form of its construction, a special poetics. Narrative and plot, setting for fiction and edification, a special form of narration - these features are found in various genres of the epic cycle.

A fairy tale as an artistic whole exists only as a combination of these features. Fairy tales in general were one of the most important areas of folk art. poetic art, which had not only ideological and artistic, but also a huge pedagogical and educational value. The divergence in views on the fairy tale is associated with what is regarded as the main thing in it: the setting for fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.

However, as is often the case in science, the absence of a classical definition does not at all affect the phenomenon itself and has very little effect on life in public consciousness. The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical being is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform.

Classification of fairy tales (according to T.D. Zinkevich-Evstigneeva):

· psychotherapeutic fairy tales;

didactic stories;

meditative stories.

Classification of fairy tales (according to V.Ya. Propp):

magic;

adventurous;

household;

fairy tales about animals

cumulative.

The most widely used is the classification of fairy tales with a problem-thematic approach, which distinguishes:

fairy tales about animals

fairy tales;

Social and household;

· fairy tales mixed type.

The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply delineated boundaries, but, despite the fragility of the distinction, such a classification allows the child to start a substantive conversation about fairy tales within the framework of a conditional "system" - which, of course, facilitates the work of parents, educator or teacher.
The following can be said about the fairy tales included in the reading circle of younger students.

Tales about animals. Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only man, but also all life on the planet. Depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time fixes and characterizes habits, "way of life", etc. Hence the lively, tense text of fairy tales. These are the fairy tales "The Gray Neck" by D. Mamin-Sibiryak, "The Traveling Frog" by V. M. Garshin, "The Three Bears" by L. Tolstoy, "The First Hunt" by V. Bianchi, "Rikki Tikki Tavi" by Kipling, » V.I.Dal.

Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.

Magic tales. Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very nature (from the fairy tale "The Snow Maiden"). "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and a living girl came out of the snowdrift." "Conversion" in fairy tales of the miraculous type, as a rule, takes place with the help of magical creatures or objects. So, in the tale of A.S. Pushkin, Prince Gvidon turns to his assistant for help and she turns him into a mosquito, then a fly, then a bumblebee.
Basically, fairy tales are older than others, they bear traces of a person's primary acquaintance with the world around him. Fairy tales with elements of magic include Ch. Perro "A boy with a finger", G. Kh. Andersen "Thumbelina", P. P. Bazhov "Fire-jump", S. T. Aksakov "Scarlet flower".

household tales. A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).
As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated. These include “The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda” by A.S. Pushkin, “Masha the Confused” by L. Voronkova, D. Mamin-Sibiryak “The Tale of brave hare- long ears, slanting eyes, short tail.

The diversity of "everyday" fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tale contains a more significant element of social and moral criticism, it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation in everyday fairy tales sound stronger.

Mixed tales. IN Lately V methodological literature information began to appear about a new type of fairy tales - about fairy tales of a mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they were not given of great importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.

They combine the features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form magic items, around which the main action is grouped.
A fairy tale in various forms and scales strives to embody the ideal of human existence. For example, the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm "The Pot of Porridge".

The fairy tale's faith in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for goodness, is also based on a call for wisdom, activity, and true humanity. The fairy tales of our blue planet broaden one's horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of other peoples, and instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth who are engaged in honest work. Often it is the literary fairy tale that belongs to this type.

In literary criticism, there is still no single definition of the genre of a literary fairy tale, and no single classification has been created. There are a large number of definitions of a literary fairy tale, which can be conditionally divided into two types. The first type of definitions is an enumeration of individual characteristics that are usually inherent in a literary fairy tale, but in specific works these characteristics may not be present.

The second type of definitions is an attempt at a generalized universal definition. Yu.F. Yarmysh noted that "A literary fairy tale is a genre of a literary work in which moral, ethical or aesthetic problems are solved in a magical-fantastic or allegorical development of events and, as a rule, in original plots and images in prose, poetry and dramaturgy."

In a literary fairy tale, elements of fairy tales about animals, household and fairy tales, adventure and detective stories are intertwined. science fiction and parody literature.

In textbooks for literary reading 1-4 grades are included literary tales Russians and foreign writers. The task of teaching in each class is to deepen the knowledge of children about works of folk art, to expand and enrich the reader's experience, to introduce literary ideas and concepts. From class to class, the circle of reading expands, the level of erudition increases. Gradually, children form the concept of a literary (author's) fairy tale, types of fairy tales (magical, everyday, about animals), and a comparison of the author's fairy tales of foreign and Russian writers makes it possible to highlight similarities and differences, the "similarity" of plots, and the peculiarity of their language.

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"Fairy tale" - from the word "tell". Modern meaning the concept of "fairy tale" acquired in the XVII century. Before that, the word "fable" was used.

As a rule, fairy tales are designed for children. This epic works magical character. The end of the story is usually happy. The fairy tale helps the child in the process of learning the rules and purpose of life, the need to protect their family values respectful attitude towards others.
At the same time, a fairy tale carries a lot of information that is passed down from generation to generation, which helps to shape a person's character and which is based on respect for one's ancestors.
By origin, fairy tales are folklore and author's.

Folk tales

Folklore tales created by the people different countries. It's prose (sometimes poetic) oral story fictional events at a given time. A fairy tale does not claim to be authentic (unlike, for example, a myth, epic or legend). The folk tale historically precedes the literary tale, it is anonymous (it does not have a specific author).
The folklore tale has its own specific poetics and cliche(stamps). For example, the beginning “Once upon a time...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state ...”, etc.
Since a folk tale is a work of oral folk art, the plot of a folk tale can be repeated in many texts. It allows improvisation of the performer of the tale. Therefore, the texts of one fairy tale may have variations.

literary tales

Literary tales are closely related to the folk tale, but they have a specific author. Their content is new and non-verbal.

Author's tales

Author's fairy tales are close to literary ones in terms of originality of the plot. But they can be an adaptation of a well-known folklore story, which the author uses at his own discretion: he changes the course of action, adds characters, etc. Usually the term "author's fairy tale" is used for those fairy tales that have an author, i.e. and for literary

The main genres of fairy tales

Animal Tales

Kolobok. Forged Figures Park (Donetsk)
Author: Sigismund von Dobschutz – own work, from Wikipedia
In these tales, animals, birds, fish, as well as plants, natural phenomena or objects (“Tereshechka”, “Gingerbread Man”, “Ryaba Hen”, “Teremok”, etc.) act as the main characters. Often, fairy tales about animals are magical at the same time - in Russian fairy tales, magical animals turn out to be popular characters that can talk and help the main character (“Baba Yaga”, “Geese Swans”, “Po pike command" and etc.).

Fairy tales

V. M. Vasnetsov "The Frog Princess" (1918)
The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming some obstacles with the help of miraculous means or magical helpers. Usually a fairy tale has the following composition: exposure(the beginning of the main events in the work), eyeballs actions, plot development, climax And interchange. climax – highest point development of the action in the work. The culmination of a fairy tale is the hero's victory over an opponent or circumstances (“Ivan Tsarevich and Gray wolf”, “Morozko”, etc.).

Social fairy tales

N. Matorin "Boy-with-finger" (postcard)
Fairy tales of this genre have the same composition as fairy tales, but are more connected with reality. They only have earthly world, the features of everyday life are realistically transmitted, and main character- an ordinary person who fights for justice and achieves his goal with the help of ingenuity, dexterity and cunning.

Anecdotal tales

Such tales are a detailed narrative of an anecdote.

A young peasant went to work, and his wife went to see him off; walked a mile and cried.

Don't cry, wife, I'll be right back.

Do I cry about it? My legs are cold!

Fables

Fables (fabulous stories) are fairy tales built on nonsense. They are small in volume and often have the form of rhythmic prose. Fables are special genre folklore that is found in all nations.
“I used to live and wear an ax on my bare foot, gird myself with an ax handle, chop wood with a sash ... Zhona was a beauty ... she looks out the window, so the dogs bark for three days ...” (fragment from “Northern Tales” by N.E. Onchukov).

Oskar Herrfurth "Baron Munchausen and his Chopped Horse"
IN fiction Examples of fables include the adventures of Baron Munchausen as presented by Erich Raspe, the adventures of the heroes of Rabelais' novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel", Korney Chukovsky's poem "Confusion".

Collectors of fairy tales

The first collector of folk tales in Europe was a French poet and literary critic Charles Perrault (1628-1703).

F. Lallemald "Portrait of Charles Perrault" (1665)
In 1697, he published the collection Tales of Mother Goose. The collection included 8 prose tales, today world famous:

"Cinderella"
"Puss in Boots"
"Little Red Riding Hood"
"Thumb boy"
"Fairy Gifts"
"Rike-Crest"
"Sleeping Beauty"
"Blue Beard".

In 1704-1717. abridged edition published in Paris Arabian tales"Thousand and One Nights", prepared by Antoine Galland for King Louis XIV. But these were single collections. But the beginning of the systematic collection of fairy-tale folklore was laid by representatives of the German mythological school in folklore - primarily members of the circle of Heidelberg romantics Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm and Jacob.

Elizabeth Yerichau-Baumann "The Brothers Grimm"
In 1812-1814. they published a collection of "Home and family German fairy tales”, which included the hitherto popular fairy tales “Snow White”, “ The Bremen Town Musicians”, “Wolf and seven kids” and many others. After the appearance of the collection, writers and scientists from other European countries showed interest in their native folklore.
The Brothers Grimm had predecessors in Germany itself: back in 1782-1786. German writer Johann Karl August Museus compiled the 5-volume collection "Folk Tales of the Germans", which was published only in 1811.
Russians in Russia folk tales the first to collect was the Russian ethnographer Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev.

Fairy tales are a very important genre in literature. It is from him that young children begin their acquaintance with the world of prose and poetry. But what do they mean, what is the history and specificity of author's fairy tales? Consider all this below, as well as a list of Russian literary fairy tales with their authors and features.

Definition

A fairy tale is a genre in literature, usually based on folklore. It can be both prosaic and poetic. However, this is mainly folklore prose, and each nation has its own fairy tales. The main difference for them is usually the presence of mythical creatures and / or fantasy, fantastic, magical elements.

But unlike folklore works, fairy tales always have an author. Often in them there is an obvious struggle between good and evil, bad and good. Usually there is a main character - the "favorite" of the author and, as a result, the reader. And there is also an antihero - a mythical villain.

Story

As mentioned above, fairy tales originate from folklore. However, not always, because they can be purely copyrighted. They appeared a long time ago in the form of folklore works, transmitted "by word of mouth". In Rus' for a long time this is how their folk tales existed and spread.

Some works can be attributed to very old fairy tales. For example, many folklore tales Ancient Rus' and church parables of the Middle Ages, in many ways reminiscent of the genre we are considering.

Further, fairy tales began to appear in Europe in the usual sense for people: the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Perrault and many others. But on the territory modern Russia earlier (and still) Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was very popular. In the 18th century, in general, many writers liked to take the basis from folklore and thus create new works.

In the 20th century, there was also more fairy tales. Such great writers as Maxim Gorky, Alexei Tolstoy and others were known as the authors of this genre.

Specificity

Author's tales are also called literary. As already described above, they are distinguished from folklore works by the presence of an author. Of course, even the very old ones had their own creators. folk tales, but the authors as such were lost, because for centuries the stories passed orally from one person to another, sometimes even significantly changing, since each person could interpret and retell differently, and so for a long time.

Another difference author's fairy tale from the folk is that it can be both in verse and in prose, while the second - only in prose (initially it was only oral). Also in folklore, the theme of the confrontation between good and evil is usually touched upon, while in literary works it's not obligatory.

Another difference is that folk tales have more superficially described characters, while in literary ones, on the contrary, each character is pronounced and individual. In folklore, there are still beginnings, sayings and peculiar turns of speech. They also tend to be even smaller than literary ones. This is all due to the fact that it was transmitted orally, so much was lost, and the size was shortened, because it was forgotten over the generations. But nevertheless, the tendency to different turns of speech, characteristic only of Russian fairy tales, has been preserved. For example, "once upon a time", the epithet "good fellow", and Pushkin: "in a distant kingdom, in a distant state", etc.

The most amazing: exact definition The author's fairy tale as such does not exist. Yes, it came from folklore and has changed a lot, which helps in defining this term. Fantastic creatures have been preserved that change depending on the people. Fairy tales are usually small in size. They definitely have a twist. But you can always find some kind of morality, which is the main goal of the tale. This distinguishes it from fantasy, where the emphasis is not on morality, but on storytelling, which also differs in that it has more adventure, breathtaking events. Also fantasy works and epics are long in size. And the world described in them usually does not have a folklore basis under itself. It is often the fiction of an author who has completely created his own reality. In fairy tales, on the contrary, there is fiction, but it is within the framework of real world.

Kinds

Many researchers divide literary fairy tales into several categories. E. V. Pomerantseva, for example, divides them into 4 genres:

• adventurous novelistic;
• household;
• about animals;
• magical.

And here is another Russian folklorist V. Ya. Propp divides fairy tales into more categories:

1. About inanimate nature, animals, plants, objects. Everything is simple here: fairy tales about this tell, respectively, about animals or inanimate nature as the main element. An interesting fact here is that such works are rarely Russian or European. But such tales are often found among the peoples of Africa, North America.
2. Cumulative tales denote such works where repeated plot repetition is made until the denouement reaches a climax. This makes it easier for children to understand. A prime example are stories about a turnip and a bun.
3. The everyday (short story) genre tells about different people by characters. For example, a fairy tale about an evil deceiver or about a stupid person.
4. Boring fairy tales are designed to lull children to sleep. They are very short and simple. (For example, a fairy tale about a white bull).
5. Fables about what could not be in reality. It is worth noting that all fairy tales have a share of fiction, but fiction is the most fiction: talking animals, humanized bears (they live like people, communicate, etc.). As a rule, all subspecies intersect with each other. It is rare that a work belongs to only one of them.

In Russian fairy tales, heroic, soldierly offshoots are still distinguished.

The most interesting thing is that fairy tales as a genre are studied very seriously. In Europe, A. Aarne wrote the so-called "Index of fairy-tale types" in 1910, where there are also divisions into types. In contrast to the typology of Propp and Pomerantseva, well-known European fairy tales about fooled devils and anecdotes are added here. Based on the works of Aarne, S. Thompson created his index of fairy tales in 1928. A little later, folklorist N. P. Andreev and many other researchers were engaged in such a typology, but with the introduction of Russian (Slavic) species.

Above, we examined the main subspecies, which are more likely to folk art. Author's tales tend to be much more complex, and it is not easy to type them into a particular subgenre, but they have taken a lot from folklore and the species described above as a basis. Also, plot motifs are taken as the basis from many sources. For example, the hatred of the stepdaughter and stepmother, which is popular in the works.

And now let's move on to the lists of folk and literary tales.

Fairy tales for grade 1

The list is long, since children begin their acquaintance with reading with stories and fairy tales, because they are small and easy to memorize and master. In the first grade it is recommended to read:

1. Small folk tales. Often they are about animals: "Cat and Fox", "Gingerbread Man", "Crow and Cancer", "Geese-Swans", as well as "Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka", "Porridge from an Ax", "Man and Bear", " Cockerel-Golden Scallop", "Morozko", "Bubble, straw and bast shoes", "Teremok", "Po pike command" and etc.
2. Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood.
3. Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich, "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" and other short stories.

Literary tales: grade 2, list

1. Folk tales in the processing of A. N. Tolstoy.
2. Works by the Brothers Grimm, such as The Bremen Town Musicians.
3. E. L. Schwartz, "The New Adventures of Puss in Boots".
4. C. Perro: "Puss in Boots" and "Little Red Riding Hood".
5. Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.
6. And small works A. S. Pushkin, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, P. Ershov, P. Bazhov, K. D. Ushinsky and others.

List of literary fairy tales for grade 3

Fairy tales are also read in these classes, but they are longer, and there are also fewer folk tales and more literary ones. For example, everyone famous fairy tale Lewis Carroll about Alice Through the Looking Glass. As well as larger fairy tales Mamin-Sibiryak, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Pushkin, Bazhov, Zhukovsky, Tchaikovsky, Perrault, Andersen and many others.

4th grade

List of literary fairy tales:

• Garshin V. M., "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose";
• Zhukovsky V. A., "The Tale of Tsar Berendey", "There the skies and waters are clear";
• E. Schwartz "The Tale of Lost Time".

5th grade

Literary tales in high school in the reading program are much less common than in grades 1-4, but nevertheless there are such works. For example, the fairy tales of Andersen and Pushkin, which are also in primary school. The list of literary fairy tales of the 5th grade does not end there. There are also works by Zhukovsky, Schwartz and many others for children of this age.

Instead of a conclusion

A fairy tale is a very interesting genre that is still being studied by various researchers, and children read school curriculum. Initially, they were only folk, transmitted orally. But then author's literary fairy tales began to appear, which are usually taken as a basis folklore stories and characters. Such works are small, they have fiction and a special story. But this is what makes the fairy tale genre special and distinguishes it from others.