The people in the image of Tolstoy war and peace. An essay on the theme of the image of the common people in the novel “War and Peace

Consider how the people were portrayed in the novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy. The author finished work on his work in 1867. Speaking about him, he admitted that he loved in his novel "the thought of the people."

The world of the peasantry in the work

The people in the novel "War and Peace" are widely represented. The peasantry is described in detail by the author. In Tolstoy's image, the world of the peasantry is self-sufficient and harmonious. The writer did not believe that his representatives needed intellectual influence. Heroes-nobles do not even think about the need to "develop" the peasants. On the contrary, it is the latter who are often closer to understanding the meaning of life. Lev Nikolaevich depicts a complex spiritual world representatives of the nobility and the unsophisticated spirituality of the Russian peasant as different, but at the same time complementary beginnings of the life of our country. The ability to establish contact with the people is an indicator of the moral health of the nobles in the novel.

Fluctuating boundaries between classes

Repeatedly Tolstoy emphasizes the fragility of the boundaries between the estates. Human, common makes them "transparent". The people in the novel "War and Peace" often come close, interact with the upper strata of society. The hunter Danilo, for example, is full of "contempt for everything" and "independence". This hunter allows himself to look at the master Nikolai Rostov "contemptuously". However, this was not offensive to Nicholas. He knew that this man still belonged to him. All are equal during the hunt, all obey the order established once. Only in the heat of the hunt can Danilo scold Ilya Andreevich, who missed the wolf, even swipe at him with a rapnik. Such behavior of a serf under normal conditions is impossible in relation to a master.

Let us give another example of how the nobility and the people interact in the novel War and Peace. An important milestone spiritual life of one of the main characters, Pierre Bezukhov, was a meeting in the barracks for prisoners with Platon Karataev. It was this soldier-peasant who returned the lost faith in life to him. Main moral criterion in the epilogue of the novel becomes for Pierre a possible relation to his activities Karataev. And he concludes that he probably would not have understood his social activities, but he would certainly have approved because he loved “goodness” in everything.

Depiction of peasant riot

The theme of the people in the novel "War and Peace" is diverse. Tolstoy, depicting the rebellion of the Bogucharov peasants, expressed his own attitude towards the conservative layers of the patriarchal-communal world, accustomed to resisting any changes. In Bogucharov spontaneity folk life much more noticeable than in other areas, since there were very few landowners, literate and courtyards. Peasants live here in a small closed community. They are actually isolated from the whole world. Peasants for no apparent reason suddenly begin to move in a certain direction, obeying the incomprehensible laws of being. Tolstoy emphasizes that in the life of the peasants from Bogucharovo, the mysterious currents of the life of the Russian people were stronger and more noticeable than in other areas, the meaning and causes of which are inexplicable to contemporaries. Through the image of the rebellion, the theme of the people in the novel "War and Peace" is revealed from a new perspective.

Cause of the Peasants' Revolt

The general mood, the element of rebellion completely subjugates every peasant. Even the headman Dron was captured by the general impulse. Princess Mary's attempt to distribute the master's bread to the peasants ended in failure. Only "unreasonable animal malice" of Rostov, his "imprudent act" could sober up this indignant crowd. The peasants obeyed the brute force unquestioningly, admitting that they rebelled "out of stupidity". Lev Nikolaevich in the work showed not only the external causes of the rebellion ("relations with the French" and rumors about the "freedom" that the gentlemen took away). Hidden deep socio-historical reason this event consisted in the internal "force", which accumulated gradually and, like lava, escaped from a boiling volcano. That is why the common people rebelled in the novel "War and Peace".

The image of Tikhon Shcherbaty

The image is an important detail of the fresco about the people's war, which was created by Tolstoy. Tikhon was the only one in his entire village who attacked the French. On his own initiative, he joined the "party" of Denisov and soon became one of the most necessary people in it, showing great ability and willingness to work. Through his image, the common people are also analyzed in the novel "War and Peace".

Tikhon occupied a special place in the partisan detachment. He did all the menial work, was the bravest and useful person. Tikhon, in addition, played the role of a jester and willingly succumbed to this rank himself. in his behavior and appearance the writer sharpened the features of the holy fool. Yellowfang had a face pitted with wrinkles and smallpox, with narrow, small eyes.

Tikhon's attitude to the murder of the French

Tikhon is a cold-blooded, merciless warrior. He obeys, killing the French, only the instinct of exterminating the enemy, and treats them almost like inanimate objects. Tikhon resembles a predator with his cruelty. It is not by chance that the author compares him with a wolf: Shcherbaty wielded an ax the way a wolf wielded his teeth.

The image of Platon Karataev

One of key images works is It is especially important when revealing the topic: "The people in the novel "War and Peace." It is impossible to write an essay on this topic without mentioning this character, who was cut off from the usual way of life and placed in new conditions (French captivity, army), in which his spirituality manifested itself especially brightly. The hero lives in harmony with the whole world. He treats all people with love. Plato deeply feels life, directly and vividly perceives people. In the image of Tolstoy, Karataev is an example of a "natural" person who came out of the people, the embodiment of folk morality, largely instinctive.

This hero, personifying the Russian people in the novel "War and Peace", is shown in the work mainly through Bezukhov's perception of him. Pierre notes that the very presence of this man in the barracks created a feeling of comfort for the prisoners. Bezukhov was interested in how Plato took off his shoes and settled in his corner, because something "round", "soothing" and "pleasant" was felt even in this.

Karataev looked very youthful, although he was over 50 years old. He seemed healthy and physically strong. In particular, the "young" Plato was striking, which had the appearance of "youth" and "innocence". Karataev was always doing something that probably became a habit for this hero. Once captured, he did not seem to feel what illness and fatigue were, he felt in the barracks just like at home.

Karataev's return to peasant life in unusual conditions

Outside of the usual conditions, outside of everything that pressured him, Karataev naturally and imperceptibly returned to the serf way of life. He rejected everything alien, which was imposed on him by force from the outside. For Plato, who represents the people in Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", peasant life is especially attractive: dear memories, as well as ideas of goodness, are associated with it. Therefore, he spoke mainly about the events of "Christian" life, as he called it.

Plato died naturally, feeling tenderness and "quiet delight" before the mystery of death. He did not perceive it as torture or punishment, so there was no suffering on his face: it was lit up with an expression of "quiet solemnity."

The image of Platon Karataev is the image of a righteous peasant who not only lived in harmony with people and with the whole world, admiring the manifestations of life, but was also able to resurrect Pierre Bezukhov, who had reached a spiritual dead end. For Pierre, he forever remained the personification of "simplicity and truth."

"People's Thought" in the novel

"People's Thought" is the main idea of ​​the work "War and Peace". Lev Nikolaevich knew that simple life of the Russian people, with its "private" interests, destinies, joys, proceeds independently of meetings with Napoleon's Alexander, Speransky's state plans, or the diplomatic game. Only those events of history that set the popular masses in motion, concern national destinies, are capable of changing, always beneficially, albeit dramatically, an individual person. It was the patriotism of the people (in the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy also describes their patriotic feelings) that led to the victory of the Russians over the French.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is the most widely known Russian writer, primarily a folk writer. Consider the theme of the people in, perhaps, his greatest work - the novel "War and Peace".

What is the people for Tolstoy? These are not only peasants, not only nobles, not even just Russians. The people are people united with each other, united by a common thought, a common feeling, a common deed.

We can also trace the connection of the main characters with the people. Natasha Rostova herself, it is not clear when and from where, she absorbed the Russian spirit, was able to understand everything that was in every Russian person. And in the future, she only proves her connection with the people, freeing the carts for the wounded, instead of saving the family's property. Or Andrei Bolkonsky, who felt the people in his soldiers, led them along and did not abandon them in favor of a more prestigious appointment.

We also see representatives of the people among the secondary characters.

This, of course, is Platon Karataev, met by Pierre, who opened the way to happiness for him, this is Kutuzov, like no one else who feels the spirit of the Russian army, the merchant Ferapontov and others who are ready to burn their property so that the French do not get it, these are many, many people, who are not indifferent to the fate of their country, their homeland.

In the novel, Tolstoy repeatedly notes that, despite what is usually said about historical figures, especially prominent people, rulers and generals, it is the people who are the main character in history. And the Patriotic War of 1812 showed this to the whole world. Because it was not won by generals and rulers - it was won by the Russian people. The people, who did not allow themselves to be captured, who resisted with all their might, arranged partisan detachments, deprived the French of prey and simply, openly, fought with them.

Not without reason, the theme of the people - Tolstov's favorite, sounds at full power in this novel.

It is believed that wars are won and lost by commanders and emperors, but in any war a commander without an army is like a needle without a thread. After all, it is soldiers, officers, generals - people who serve in the army and take part in battles and battles, become the very thread with which history is embroidered. If you try to sew with only one needle, the fabric will pierce, perhaps even traces will remain, but there will be no result. So a commander without his regiments is just a lonely needle, which is easily lost in the haystacks formed by time if there is no thread of his troops behind him. Sovereigns are not at war, the people are at war. Sovereigns and commanders are only needles. Tolstoy shows that the theme of the people in the novel "War and Peace" is the main theme of the entire work. The people of Russia are people of different classes, both high society and those who make up the middle class, and ordinary people. They all love their Motherland and are ready to give their lives for it.

The image of the people in the novel

The two main storylines of the novel reveal to readers how the characters are formed and the destinies of two families - the Rostovs and the Bolkonskys - develop.
Using these examples, Tolstoy shows how the intelligentsia developed in Russia, some of its representatives came to the events of December 1825, when the Decembrist uprising took place.

The Russian people in War and Peace are represented by different characters. Tolstoy seemed to have collected the features inherent in ordinary people, and created several collective images, embodying them in specific characters.

In Plato Karataev, met by Pierre in captivity, the characteristic features of serfs were embodied. Kind, calm, hard-working Plato, who talks about life, but does not think about it: “He, apparently, never thought about what he said and what he would say ...”. In the novel, Plato is the embodiment of a part of the Russian people of that time, wise, obedient to fate and the tsar, who loves their homeland, but went to fight for it only because they were caught and "given to the soldiers." His natural kindness and wisdom revive the "master" Pierre, who is constantly looking for the meaning of life and cannot find and comprehend it.

But at the same time, "When Pierre, sometimes struck by the meaning of his speech, asked to repeat what was said, Plato could not remember what he had said a minute ago." All these searches and throwings are alien and incomprehensible to Karataev, he knows how to accept life as it is at this very moment, and he accepts death humbly and without grumbling.

Merchant Ferapontov, an acquaintance of Alpatych, typical representative merchants, on the one hand stingy and cunning, but at the same time burning their own property so that the enemy does not get it. And he does not want to believe that Smolensk will be surrendered, and he even beats his wife for her requests to leave the city.

And the fact that Ferapontov and other merchants themselves set fire to their shops and houses is a manifestation of patriotism and love for Russia, and it is already clear that Napoleon will not be able to defeat the people, who are ready to do anything to save their homeland.

The collective image of the people in the novel "War and Peace" is created by many characters. These are partisans like Tikhon Shcherbaty, who fought the French in their own way, and, as if effortlessly, destroyed small detachments. These are wanderers, humble and religious, such as Pelageyushka, who went to holy places. Militia men, dressed in simple white shirts, "to prepare for death", "with a loud voice and laughter" digging trenches on the Borodino field before the battle.

In difficult times, when the country was in danger of being conquered by Napoleon on foreground All these people had one main goal - the salvation of Russia. Before her, everything else was petty and unimportant. At such moments, people show their true colors with amazing clarity, and in War and Peace, Tolstoy shows the difference between ordinary people who are ready to die for their country and other people, careerists and opportunists.

This is especially well manifested in the description of the preparations for the battle on the Borodino field. A simple soldier with the words: “They want to fall on all the people ...”, some officers, for whom the main thing is that “for tomorrow big awards should have been distributed and new people should have been put forward”, soldiers praying in front of the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God, Dolokhov, asking for forgiveness from Pierre - all these are strokes of the general picture that confronted Pierre after a conversation with Bolkonsky. “He understood that hidden ... warmth of patriotism that was in all those people he saw, and which explained to him why all these people were calmly and as if frivolously preparing for death” - this is how Tolstoy describes general state people before the Battle of Borodino.

But the author does not idealize the Russian people at all, in the episode where the Bogucharov peasants, trying to preserve their acquired property, do not let Princess Marya out of Bogucharov, he clearly shows the meanness and meanness of these people. In describing this scene, Tolstoy shows the behavior of the peasants as alien to Russian patriotism.

Conclusion

In an essay on the topic “The Russian people in the novel “War and Peace”, I wanted to show the attitude of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstov towards the Russian people as a “whole and unified” organism. And I want to end the essay with a quote from Tolstov: “... the reason for our triumph was not accidental, but lay in the essence of the character of the Russian people and troops, ... this character should have been expressed even more clearly in an era of failures and defeats ... "

The theme of the people in the novel "War and Peace" is an essay about the image of the Russian people |

"War and Peace" is one of the the brightest works world literature, revealing the extraordinary wealth human destinies, characters, an unprecedented breadth of coverage of the phenomena of life, the deepest image major events in the history of the Russian people. The basis of the novel, as L. N. Tolstoy admitted, is “the thought of the people”. “I tried to write the history of the people,” said Tolstoy. The people in the novel are not only peasants and peasant soldiers in disguise, but also the yard people of the Rostovs, and the merchant Ferapontov, and the army officers Tushin and Timokhin, and representatives of the privileged class - the Bolkonskys, Pierre Bezukhov, the Rostovs, and Vasily Denisov, and the field marshal Kutuzov, that is, those Russian people for whom the fate of Russia was not indifferent. The people are opposed by a handful of court aristocrats and a "big-faced" merchant, worried about his goods before the French take Moscow, that is, those people who are completely indifferent to the fate of the country.

There are more than five hundred characters in the epic novel, a description of two wars is given, events unfold in Europe and Russia, but, like cement, all the elements of the novel are held together by “folk thought” and “original moral attitude author to the subject. According to Leo Tolstoy, an individual is valuable only when he is an integral part of the great whole, his people. “His hero is a whole country fighting against the invasion of the enemy,” wrote V. G. Korolenko. The novel begins with a description of the campaign of 1805, which did not touch the hearts of the people. Tolstoy does not hide the fact that the soldiers not only did not understand the goals of this war, but even vaguely imagined who Russia's ally was. Tolstoy is not interested foreign policy Alexander I, his attention is drawn to the love of life, modesty, courage, endurance, selflessness of the Russian people. The main task of Tolstoy is to show the decisive role of the masses in historical events, to show the greatness and beauty of the feat of the Russian people in the conditions mortal danger when psychologically a person is revealed most fully.

The plot of the novel is based on the Patriotic War of 1812. The war brought decisive changes to the life of the entire Russian people. All the usual conditions of life were shifted, everything was now evaluated in the light of the danger that hung over Russia. Nikolai Rostov returns to the army, Petya volunteers for the war, old prince Bolkonsky forms a detachment of militias from his peasants, Andrei Bolkonsky decides to serve not at the headquarters, but directly command the regiment. Pierre Bezukhov gave part of his money to equip the militias. The Smolensk merchant Ferapontov, in whose mind the disturbing thought of the “death” of Russia arose when he learned that the city was being surrendered, does not seek to save property, but calls on the soldiers to drag everything out of the shop so that the “devils” do not get anything.

The War of 1812 is more represented by mass scenes. The people begin to realize the danger when the enemy approaches Smolensk. The fire and surrender of Smolensk, the death of the old prince Bolkonsky at the time of the review of the peasant militia, the destruction of the crop, the retreat of the Russian army - all this enhances the tragedy of events. At the same time, Tolstoy shows that in this difficult situation something new was born that was to destroy the French. In the growth of moods of determination and anger against the enemy, Tolstoy sees the source of the approaching turning point in the course of the war. The outcome of the war was determined long before its end by the "spirit" of the troops and people. This decisive "spirit" was the patriotism of the Russian people, which manifested itself simply and naturally: the people left the cities and villages captured by the French; refused to sell food and hay to enemies; guerrilla detachments formed behind enemy lines.

battle of Borodino is the climax of the novel. Pierre Bezukhov, watching the soldiers, experiences a sense of the horror of death and suffering that the war brings, on the other hand, the consciousness of “the solemnity and significance of the coming minute”, which the people inspire him. Pierre was convinced how deeply, with all his heart, the Russian people understand the meaning of what is happening. The soldier, who called him a “countryman”, tells him confidentially: “They want to pile on all the people; one word - Moscow. They want to make one end." The militias, who have just arrived from the depths of Russia, in accordance with custom, put on clean shirts, realizing that they will have to die. Old soldiers refuse to drink vodka - "not such a day, they say."

In these simple forms, connected with folk concepts and customs, the high moral strength of the Russian people was manifested. The high patriotic spirit and moral strength of the people brought victory to Russia in the war of 1812.

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1 Municipal community educational institution Gymnasium 64 2 The theme of the people in the novel "War and Peace". Examination essay on literature. Golubenko Diana Romanovna, 11 A Ilyina Tatyana Nikolaevna, teacher Lipetsk, 2007

2 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 1. GENRE ORIGINALITY AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NOVEL WAR AND PEACE 6 2. OPPOSITE TRUE AND FALSE PATRIOTISM IN THE NOVEL "WAR AND PEACE" 12 3. PATRIOTISM OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE IN THE PATRIOTIC WAR 181 2 YEARS 14 4. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NOVEL "WAR AND WORLD» IN WORLD LITERATURE 16 CONCLUSION 20 LIST OF USED LITERATURE 23

3 4 INTRODUCTION There are two aspects of life in every person: personal life, which is all the more free, the more abstract its interests, and spontaneous, swarming life, where a person inevitably uses the laws prescribed for him. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". “This is a new talent and, it seems, reliable,” N.A. Nekrasov. I.S. Turgenev noted that the first place among writers belongs to Tolstoy by right, that soon "he alone will be known in Russia." N.G. Chernyshevsky, reviewing the first collections of the writer, defined the essence of his artistic discoveries in two terms: "dialectics of the soul" and "purity of moral feeling." For Tolstoy, the microscope of psychological analysis became the main instrument of the study of mental life among other artistic means. An unprecedented keen interest in spiritual life is of fundamental importance for Tolstoy the artist. In this way, the writer opens up in his characters the possibility of change, development, internal renewal, confrontation with the environment. The ideas of the revival of a person, a people, humanity constitute the pathos of Tolstoy's creativity. Starting from his early stories, the writer deeply and comprehensively explored the possibilities human personality, its ability to spiritual growth, initiation to the lofty goals of human existence. In 1860, Tolstoy began writing the novel The Decembrists, conceived as the story of a Decembrist returning from exile. It was this novel that served as the beginning of the creation of "War and Peace". The Decembrist theme determined at an early stage of the work the composition of the planned monumental work oh almost half a century of history Russian society.

4 5 The writer's desire to explore the depths of historical and personal existence was reflected in the work on the great epic. In search of origins Decembrist movement Tolstoy inevitably came to the era of the Patriotic War, which formed the future noble revolutionaries. Admiration for heroism and sacrifice " the best people» beginning of the 19th century, the writer kept for life. In the early 1960s, important changes took place in his worldview. Tolstoy recognizes the decisive role of the people in the historical process. The pathos of "War and Peace" is in the affirmation of "people's thought". The deep, albeit peculiar democratism of the author determined the angle of view necessary for the epic in assessing all persons and events on the basis of the "opinion of the people." Work on the novel "War and Peace" lasted 7 years (from 1863 to 1869). Tolstoy begins his novel in 1805. He intended to lead the heroes through historical events 1805, 1807, 1812, 1825 and finish it in 1856. That is, the novel was supposed to cover a large historical period. However, in the process of work, the writer gradually narrowed chronological framework and so came to the creation of a new work. This book combines the most important images of historical events and in-depth analysis human souls. The relevance of this work lies in the need to consider the nature of the Russian people, which manifests itself with equal force in peaceful, Everyday life and in large, milestone historical events, during military failures and at moments of the highest glory, in order to use these vivid examples and artistic images understand your people and the country in which we have the honor to live. The purpose of this work "The theme of the people in the novel" War and Peace "is a detailed consideration artistic originality and the meaning of the theme of the people in the novel "War and Peace" as well as the meaning of this theme for L.N. Tolstoy as a novelist.

5 6 In connection with the goal, we define the tasks: 1. Consider the genre and structural features of the novel "War and Peace"; 2. Show true and false patriotism shown by L.N. Tolstoy in the novel; 3. Reveal the significance of the novel "War and Peace" in world literature and the historiography of the study. The range of problems under study is enclosed in a chronological framework from 1805 to 1820, but went beyond the personal fate of the heroes and considers a grandiose epic picture of Russian life in the early 19th century.

6 7 1. GENRE ORIGINALITY AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NOVEL WAR AND PEACE Tolstoy started writing the novel War and Peace in October 1863 and finished it by December 1869. The writer devoted more than six years to unceasing and exceptional work, daily work, painfully joyful, demanding from him the utmost exertion of spiritual and physical strength. The appearance of War and Peace was truly the greatest event in the development of world literature. Tolstoy's epic has shown that the peculiarities of the national-historical development of the Russian people, its historical past give the brilliant writer the opportunity to create gigantic epic compositions similar to Homer's Iliad. War and peace also testified to high level and the depth of realistic skill achieved by Russian literature in just some thirty years after Pushkin. Until now, disputes have not stopped about how the second half of the title that has become familiar should be understood, that is, what meaning is embedded in the word world. This word is used in its double meaning: firstly, it refers to the ordinary, non-military life of people, their fate in the period between wars, in peaceful conditions of life; secondly, the world denotes a community of people based on close similarity or complete unity of their national or social feelings, aspirations, interests. But be that as it may, in the title War and Peace there is an idea of ​​national, universal unity, brotherhood of people in the name of opposing war as an evil, the idea of ​​denying enmity between people and peoples. War and Peace is not a novel in the generally accepted sense of the term. Tolstoy is cramped within certain boundaries of the novel. Narration in

7 8 War and Peace went beyond the novel form and approached the epic as the highest form of epic narration. The epic gives an image of the people in difficult periods for its existence, when great tragic or heroic events shock and set in motion the entire society, country, nation. Somewhat sharpening his thought, Belinsky said that the hero of the epic is life itself, and not a man. Genre originality And structural feature War and peace consist in the fact that this work combines the features and qualities of a novel and an epic in their organic fusion, fusion. This is a novel epic or an epic novel, that is, both a novel and an epic. Tolstoy depicts private and popular life, puts forward the problem of the fate of man and Russian society, the state, the Russian nation, all of Russia at a crucial moment in their historical existence. Tolstoy tried to write the history of the people, painted a picture of people's life in its military and everyday manifestations. In an effort to capture everything that he knew and felt, in War and Peace, Tolstoy gave, as it were, a code of life, customs, spiritual culture, beliefs and ideals of the people during the dramatic period of its history in the days of the Patriotic War of 1812. How in historical science, and in the fiction of those years, the topic of national Russian history was widely discussed, and the question of the role of the masses and the individual in history aroused keen interest. The merit of Tolstoy as the author of the epic novel lies in the fact that he was the first to reveal so deeply and so convincingly brightly shed light on the great role of the masses in historical events. early XIX century, in the life of the Russian state and society, in the spiritual life of the Russian nation. Understanding the people as the decisive force in the battle with external enemies gave Tolstoy the right to make the people the true hero of his epic. He was convinced that the reason for our triumph was not accidental, but lay in the essence of the character of the Russian people and troops.

8 9 Tolstoy himself gave great importance his philosophy of history, developed in War and Peace. These thoughts are the fruit of all the mental work of my life and constitute an inseparable part of that worldview, which (God alone knows!) By what labors and sufferings was developed in me and gave me perfect peace and happiness, Tolstoy wrote about the philosophical and historical chapters of War and Peace. The basis of this worldview was the idea that the course historical life humanity is governed by incomprehensible laws, the action of which is as inexorable as the action of the laws of nature. History develops independently of the will and aspirations of individuals. A person sets himself certain goals, towards the achievement of which he directs his activity. It seems to him that both in setting goals and in his actions he is free. In fact, he is not only not free, but his actions, as a rule, do not lead to the results he aspires to. From the activities of many people and develops independent of their individual goals and aspirations historical process. Tolstoy, in particular, was clear that in the great historical events the popular masses are the decisive force. Such an understanding of the role of the masses in history is the subjective basis of that broad epic image historical past, which gives War and Peace. It also made it easier for Tolstoy to artistically recreate the image of the masses themselves when depicting their participation in the war. In the descriptions of the war, Tolstoy focuses on the deep national properties of the Russian people, the inflexibility of their will in the face of the most terrible invasion, patriotism, readiness to die, but not to submit to the conqueror. At the same time, Tolstoy also presents us with detailed images (Alexander, Napoleon, Kutuzov and others) of historical figures of this era. Moreover, it was the image of Kutuzov that gave

9 10 opportunity for Tolstoy to practically visibly reveal the national character of the Patriotic War of 1812. The Great Patriotic War and the trust that the people and the army gave him make Kutuzov a great historical figure. This deep and correct thought led Tolstoy in creating the image of Kutuzov in War and Peace. Tolstoy, first of all, sees the greatness of Kutuzov the commander in the unity of his spirit with the spirit of the people and the army, in understanding folk character war of 1812 and that it embodies the features of the Russian national character. In creating the image of the old field marshal, Tolstoy undoubtedly took into account Pushkin's characterization: Kutuzov alone was clothed in a people's power of attorney, which he so wonderfully justified! As if in focus, he concentrates in himself those moods that were inherent in the old Prince Bolkonsky, and Prince Andrei, and Timokhin, and Denisov, and nameless soldiers. A deep connection with his homeland, with everything Russian, was the source of his strength as a commander, as a historical figure. Only then does a personality fully manifest itself and leave a mark on history, when it is organically connected with the people, when it is extremely concentrated in it and then everything that the people live in this historical period is revealed, such a conclusion can be drawn from considering the image of Kutuzov. Kutuzov, as a representative of the people's war, in the novel opposes Napoleon to the arrogant and cruel conqueror, whose actions in the image of Tolstoy are not only not justified either by history or by the needs of the French people, but also contradict moral ideal humanity. In the image of Tolstoy, Napoleon is the executioner of nations, a man without convictions, without habits, without traditions, without a name, not even a Frenchman, that is, devoid of a sense of homeland, for whom France was the same means in achieving world domination as other peoples and states.

10 11 Tolstoy's Napoleon is a gambler, a presumptuous adventurer whom history, represented by the Russian people, has cruelly and deservedly taught a lesson. In philosophical digressions and chapters, Tolstoy repeats more than once the idea that historical events take place only because they should take place, and that the more we try to rationally explain historical phenomena, the more incomprehensible they become to us. In order to explain the phenomena of history, it is necessary to penetrate into the essence of the connection between a person and an event, and for this it is necessary to know the history of all, without one exception, all the people taking part in the event, for all people spontaneously participate in the socio-historical process and, therefore, unconsciously create history. And since it is not possible to do this, one inevitably has to recognize fatalism in history. So, there are two aspects of life in every person: personal life, which is all the more free, the more abstract its interests, and spontaneous, swarm life, where a person inevitably fulfills the laws prescribed to him. In other words: A person consciously lives for himself, but serves as an unconscious tool for achieving historical, universal goals. This is how Tolstoy defines the boundaries of man's freedom and independence, the area of ​​his conscious activity and the area of ​​necessity, in which the will of providence rules. This leads to the question of the role of the individual in history. The general formula, often repeated in different ways by the author of War and Peace, sounds like this: ... one has only to delve into the essence of each historical event, that is, into the activities of the entire mass of people participating in the event, in order to make sure that the will of the historical hero not only leads the actions of the masses, but she herself is constantly led ... Role outstanding personality insignificant in history. No matter how brilliant a person is, he cannot, at will, direct the movement of history, dictate his will to it, predetermine the movement of history and

11 12 to control the actions of a huge mass of people living a spontaneous, swarm life. History is created by people, the masses, the people, and not by a person who has risen above the people and assumed the right to foresee the course of events at his own discretion. Tolstoy writes: Fatalism for a person is the same nonsense as arbitrariness in historical events. It does not follow from this that Tolstoy completely denied any role of man in history and that he reduced it to zero. He recognizes for every person the right and even the obligation to act within the limits of the possible, to consciously intervene in ongoing historical events. One of the people who, taking advantage of every moment of freedom, not only directly participates in events, but is also gifted with the ability, instinct and mind to penetrate into the course of events and grasp, comprehend their common meaning, who is one with the people, deserves the name of a truly great person, brilliant personality. Such units. Kutuzov belongs to them, and Napoleon is his antipode.

12 13 2. OPPOSITION OF TRUE AND FALSE PATRIOTISM IN THE NOVEL "WAR AND PEACE" Patriotic war 1812. The author speaks in his novel about the faithful sons of the fatherland, and about false patriots who think only about their own selfish goals. Tolstoy uses the antithesis technique to depict both the events and the characters of the novel. Let's follow the events of the novel. In the first volume, he tells about the war with Napoleon, where Russia (an ally of Austria and Prussia) was defeated. There's a war going on. In Austria, General Mark is defeated near Ulm. The Austrian army surrendered. The threat of defeat hung over the Russian army. And then Kutuzov decided to send Bagration with four thousand soldiers through the rugged Bohemian mountains towards the French. Bagration had to quickly make a difficult transition and delay the 40,000-strong French army until Kutuzov arrived. His detachment needed to accomplish a great feat in order to save the Russian army. Thus, the author brings the reader to the image of the first great battle. In this battle, as always, Dolokhov is bold and fearless. Dolokhov's courage is manifested in battle, where "he killed one Frenchman point-blank, the first took a surrendered officer by the collar." But after that he goes to the regimental commander and reports on his "trophies": "Please remember, Your Excellency!" Then he untied the handkerchief, tugged it and showed the gore: "Wound with a bayonet, I stayed at the front. Remember, Your Excellency." Everywhere, always, he remembers, first of all, about himself, only about himself, everything he does, he does for himself. We are not surprised by Zherkov's behavior either. When, at the height of the battle, Bagration sent him with an important order to the general of the left flank, he did not go forward, where he heard

13 14 shooting, but began to look for the general away from the battle. Due to an untransmitted order, the French cut off the Russian hussars, many died and were wounded. There are many such officers. They are not cowards, but they do not know how to forget themselves, their careers and personal interests for the sake of a common cause. But the Russian army consisted not only of such officers. In the chapters depicting the Battle of Shengraben, we meet true heroes. Here he sits, the hero of this battle, the hero of this "case", small, thin and dirty, sitting barefoot, taking off his boots. This is artillery officer Tushin. “With big, intelligent and kind eyes, he looks at the commanders who have entered and tries to joke: “The soldiers say that they are more dexterous when they take off their shoes, and he is embarrassed, feeling that the joke has failed.” Tolstoy does everything so that Captain Tushin appears before us in the most unheroic form even funny, but this one funny man was the hero of the day. Prince Andrey will rightly say about him: "We owe the success of the day most of all to the action of this battery and the heroic steadfastness of Captain Tushin with the company." The second hero of the Shengraben battle is Timokhin. He appears at the very moment when the soldiers succumbed to panic and ran. Everything seemed lost. But at that moment the French, advancing on ours, suddenly ran back ... and Russian arrows appeared in the forest. It was Timokhin's company. And only thanks to Timokhin, the Russians had the opportunity to return and gather battalions. Courage is varied. There are many people who are unrestrainedly brave in battle, but are lost in everyday life. In the war of 1812, when every soldier fought for his home, for his relatives and friends, for his homeland, the consciousness of the danger "multiplyed" his strength. The further Napoleon advanced deep into Russia, the more the strength of the Russian army grew, the more the French army weakened, turning into a bunch of thieves and marauders. Only the will of the people, only people's patriotism, "the spirit of the army" makes the army invincible. This conclusion is made by Tolstoy in his immortal epic novel War and Peace.

14 15 3. PATRIOTISM OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE IN THE PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1812 So the novel "War and Peace" in terms of genre is an epic novel, since Tolstoy shows us the historical events that cover big cut time (the action of the novel begins in 1805 and ends in 1821, in the epilogue), over 200 actors, there are real historical figures(Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I, Speransky, Rostopchin, Bagration and many others), all the social strata of Russia of that time are also shown: the high society, the noble aristocracy, the provincial nobility, the army, the peasantry, even the merchants (remember the merchant Ferapontov, who sets fire to his house so that it does not fall into the hands of the enemy). An important theme of the novel is the theme of the feat of the Russian people (regardless of social affiliation) in the war of 1812. It was a just people's war of the Russian people against the Napoleonic invasion. An army of half a million, led by a great commander, attacked the Russian land with all its might, hoping to conquer this country in a short time. The Russian people stood up with their breasts to defend their native land. A feeling of patriotism swept over the army, the people and the best part of the nobility. The people exterminated the French by all legal and illegal means. Circles and partisan detachments were created to exterminate French military formations. In that war appeared best qualities Russian people. The entire army, experiencing an extraordinary patriotic upsurge, was full of faith in victory. Preparing for the Battle of Borodino, the soldiers put on clean shirts and did not drink vodka. For them, it was a sacred moment. Historians believe that Napoleon won the Battle of Borodino. But the "battle won" did not bring him the desired results. The people abandoned their property and

15 16 left the enemy. Food stocks were destroyed so that the enemy would not get it. There were hundreds of partisan detachments. They were big and small, peasant and landowner. One detachment, led by a deacon, captured several hundred prisoners in a month. There was an elder, Vasilisa, who killed hundreds of Frenchmen. There was a poet-hussar Denis Davydov - the commander of a large, active partisan detachment. Kutuzov M.I. proved himself to be a true commander of the people's war. he is the spokesman of the national spirit. This is what Prince Andrei Bolkonsky thinks about him before the Battle of Borodino: “He will not have anything of his own. He will not invent anything, will not do anything, but he will listen to everything, remember everything, put everything in its place, will not interfere with anything useful and nothing harmful He understands that there is something more significant than his will ... And most importantly, why you believe him is that he is Russian ... "Kutuzov's entire behavior indicates that his attempts to understand the events were active, correctly calculated, deeply thought out. Kutuzov knew that the Russian people would win, because he perfectly understood the superiority of the Russian army over the French. Creating his novel "War and Peace", Leo Tolstoy could not ignore the theme of Russian patriotism. Tolstoy portrayed the heroic past of Russia with exceptional truthfulness, showed the people and their decisive role in the Patriotic War of 1812. For the first time in the history of Russian literature, the Russian commander Kutuzov is truly depicted. Depicting the war of 1805, Tolstoy draws various pictures of military operations and various types of its participants. But this war was fought outside of Russia, its meaning and goals were incomprehensible and alien to the Russian people. Another thing is the war of 1812. Tolstoy draws it differently. He portrays this war as a people's, just war, which was waged against enemies who encroached on the independence of the country.

16 17 4. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NOVEL "WAR AND PEACE" IN WORLD LITERATURE There are great poems, great creations of worldwide significance, eternal songs, bequeathed from century to century; there is no educated person who would not know them, did not read them, did not live them ... wrote A. I. Herzen. Among such great creations is War and Peace. This is the most monumental creation of Tolstoy, which has taken a very special place in his work, in the history of Russian and world literature, in the development of the artistic culture of all mankind. War and peace is the pinnacle of Tolstoy's epic work. This eternal book marked the beginning of the all-European fame of the writer, brought him almost worldwide recognition as a brilliant realist writer. The happiness of a person is in love for everyone, and at the same time he understands that such love cannot exist on earth. Prince Andrei had to either abandon these views or die. In the first versions of the novel, he remained alive. But then Tolstoy's philosophy would die. For the writer, his worldview was more precious than the hero, so he emphasized many times that the one who interferes in the course of events and tries to change them with the help of reason is insignificant. The greatness and happiness of a person is in another. Let us turn to the description of Pierre's internal state: “The expression of the eyes was firm, calm and animatedly ready, such as Pierre's gaze had never had before. Now he has found the truth he sought in Freemasonry, in secular life, in wine, in self-sacrifice, in romantic love to Natasha. He searched for it with the help of thought and, like Prince Andrei, came to the conclusion about the impotence of thought, about the hopelessness of the search for happiness "by way of thought." In what did Pierre find happiness now? “Satisfaction of needs, good food, cleanliness, freedom seemed to Pierre perfect happiness”

17 18 A thought that tries to lift a person above his immediate needs only brings confusion and uncertainty into his soul. A person is not called to do more than that which concerns him personally. Tolstoy says that a person must determine the boundaries of his freedom. And he wants to show that the freedom of man is not outside him, but in himself. Feeling inner freedom, becoming indifferent to the external flow of life, Pierre is in an unusually joyful mood, the mood of a man who has finally discovered the truth. The role of the people in the war of 1812 is another main theme of the novel. According to Tolstoy, the fate of the war is not decided by the conquerors, not by battles, but by the hostility of the population to the army of conquerors, unwillingness to submit to it. The people are the main force that determined the fate of the war. Tolstoy welcomes the people's war. Words appear that are unusual for his style: “majestic power”, “good for that people”. The writer sings of the "club of the people's war", believes partisan movement an expression of just people's hatred of the enemy. "War and Peace" is a novel about life and death, about the rebellious power of vitality inherent in man. Tolstoy reveals that special state of mind when a person, as it were, breaks away from the earth and sees more than in everyday, ordinary life. Let us recall the feelings that Natasha experiences after breaking up with Prince Andrei. She is alienated from the ordinary world, but love brings her back to life. “Love woke up, and life woke up,” writes Tolstoy. This is no longer the love that Prince Andrei recognized, this is earthly love. The writer always dreamed of harmony, that people, loving themselves, loved others. And Natasha is closest to this ideal. She knows how to enjoy life, knows how to understand and alleviate the suffering of others. The author shows this state of the heroine in this way: “Under the seemingly impenetrable layer of silt that covered her soul, thin,

18 19 tender young needles of grass, which were to take root and so cover with their vital shoots the grief that crushed her, that it would soon be invisible and imperceptible. Tolstoy draws the "special" love of Natasha and Pierre. Bezukhov barely recognized Rostov, but when she smiled, he was seized by long-forgotten happiness. Pierre is struck by the appearance of the current Natasha: “She could not be recognized, because on this face, in whose eyes a hidden smile of the joy of life had always shone, now there was not even a shadow of a smile, there were only eyes, attentive, kind and sadly inquiring.” This sadness is not only due to personal losses: Natasha’s face reflected all the sorrows of people who have survived so much for Last year. She not only understands her grief, but also knows how to feel the suffering of another person, to understand them. Natasha listened to Pierre's story about his adventures, catching the unspoken word on the fly, and directly brought it into her open heart. Only a person whose heart is open to other people, a person in whom living life is beating can listen in this way. Now in the final, after the epic and tragic chapters, sounds lyric song love. From this theme of two people's love for each other grows the theme of love for life. The main crime against life is war. But the war is over, the suffering that it brought is a thing of the past. The wounds heal. At the end of the novel, the writer asserts the right of people to love, to happiness, to life. At the heart of War and Peace lies the worldview of Tolstoy. This is faith in the eternity of the people, in the eternity of life, hatred of wars, conviction in the need for a persistent search for truth, disgust for the cult of personality, glorification of pure love, contempt for individualism, a call for the unity of people. Tolstoy's novel was hailed as a masterpiece of world literature. G. Flaubert expressed his admiration in one of his letters to Turgenev (January 1880): “This is a first-class thing! What an artist and what a psychologist! Two

The 19 20 first volumes are amazing. Yes, it's strong, very strong!" D. Galsworthy called "War and Peace" " best novel that has ever been written." R. Rolland wrote about how, as a very young man, a student, he read Tolstoy's novel: “this work, like life, has neither beginning nor end. It is life itself in its perpetual motion. According to this book, the whole world has studied and Russia is studying. The artistic laws discovered by the great writer still constitute an indisputable pattern. "War and Peace" is the result of Tolstoy's moral and philosophical quest, his desire to find the truth and meaning of life. This work contains a particle of his immortal soul.

20 21 CONCLUSION War and Peace was conceived as a novel about a Decembrist returning from an amnesty in 1856. But the more Tolstoy worked with archival materials, the more he realized that it was impossible to write this novel without telling both about the uprising itself and about the war of 1812. So the idea of ​​the novel was gradually transformed, and Tolstoy created a grandiose epic. "War and Peace" is a story about the feat of the people, about the victory of their spirit in the war of 1812. Later, speaking of the novel, Tolstoy wrote that the main idea novel - "people's thought". It lies not only and not so much in the depiction of the people themselves, their way of life, but in the fact that every positive hero of the novel ultimately connects his fate with the fate of the nation. In the second part of the epilogue, Tolstoy says that until now the whole history has been written as the history of individuals, usually tyrants, monarchs, and no one has yet thought about what is driving force stories. Tolstoy believed that this is the so-called "swarm principle", the spirit and will of not one person, but of the nation as a whole, and how strong the spirit and will of the people are, how likely certain historical events are. So Tolstoy explains the victory in the Patriotic War by the fact that two wills clashed: the will of the French soldiers and the will of the entire Russian people. This war was fair for the Russians, they fought for their homeland, so their spirit and will to win turned out to be stronger than the French spirit and will. Therefore, the victory of Russia over France was predetermined. So the relevance of this work was the need to consider the nature of the Russian people, in order to understand our people and the country in which we have the honor to live on these vivid examples and artistic images. I think that I managed to achieve this in my work “The Theme of the People in the Novel “War and Peace”. After all, the war of 1812

21 22 has become a frontier, a test of all goodies in the novel: for Prince Andrei, who feels an unusual upsurge before the battle of Borodino, faith in victory; for Pierre Bezukhov, whose all thoughts are aimed at helping the expulsion of the invaders - he even develops a plan to assassinate Napoleon; for Natasha, who gave the carts to the wounded, because it was impossible not to give them away, it was shameful and disgusting not to give them back; for Petya Rostov, who takes part in the hostilities of a partisan detachment and dies in a fight with the enemy; for Denisov, Dolokhov, even Anatole Kuragin. All these people, having discarded everything personal, become a single whole, participate in the formation of the will to win. While researching the material for writing the work, I realized that the will to win is especially evident in mass scenes: in the scene of the surrender of Smolensk (remember the merchant Ferapontov, who, succumbing to some unknown, inner strength, orders all his good to be distributed to the soldiers, and what cannot be endured - set on fire); in the scene of preparation for the battle of Borodino (the soldiers put on white shirts, as if preparing for the last battle), in the scene of the battle between partisans and the French. In general, the theme of guerrilla warfare occupies a special place in the novel. Tolstoy emphasizes that the war of 1812 was indeed a people's war, because the people themselves rose up to fight the invaders. The detachments of the elder Vasilisa Kozhina and Denis Davydov were already active, and the heroes of the novel, Vasily Denisov and Dolokhov, are creating their own detachments. Tolstoy calls the cruel, life-and-death war "the club of the people's war": "The club of the people's war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength, and, without asking anyone's tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without analyzing nothing, rose, fell and nailed the French until the whole invasion died.

22 23 It seems to me that, unfortunately, the prospect this study will never run out. Only epochs, peoples, personalities and heroes will change. Because any war should be considered a people's war. there will definitely be a defending side that will be involved in a war only because of the protection of its people. And there will always be wars

23 24 References. 1. Ermilov V. Tolstoy artist and novel "War and Peace". M., "Soviet writer", Kogan P.S. Essays on the history of modern Russian literature in two volumes, v. 2, M., Tolstoy L.N. Complete collection of works, t L.N. Tolstoy in Russian criticism. M., Goslitizdat, Matyleva T. On the world significance of Tolstoy. M., "Soviet writer". 6. Plekhanov G.V. Art and literature. M., Goslitizdat, 1948.

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MOUDOD "Zharkovsky House of Children's Creativity" Synopsis of the event on the theme "I am a citizen of Russia" dedicated to the Day National Unity (Grade 1) Teacher of additional education: Makarova N.G. settlement Zharkovsky,

September 8 (August 26, old style) KUTUZOV Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813) His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky (1812), Russian commander, Field Marshal General (1812) Kutuzov, a student of Alexander Suvorov, was appointed

Read carefully the fragment from the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (volume, part, ch.) and complete the tasks. The night was misty, and moonlight shone mysteriously through the mist. “Yes, tomorrow, tomorrow!

INSTITUTE BRANCH great artist words of a patriot of Russia on the 195th anniversary of the birth of I S Turgenev “Turgenev is music, this good word Russian literature, this is an enchanted name, which is something tender and

Napoleon's Invasion On June 24, 1812, a dangerous and powerful enemy, the army of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, invaded Russia. Our troops were more than twice as numerous as the French. Napoleon

THE THEME OF THE COLLISION OF THE CHRISTIAN WORLD VIEW AND REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS IN "Impatience" Y.TRIFONOV Baimusaeva B.Sh., Zhumabaeva Sh.D. South Kazakhstan State University. M.Auezova Shymkent, Kazakhstan

2017 marks the 205th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812. It was a great test for our people and one of the most glorious pages of Russia. “The twelfth year is a folk epic, the memory of which

The Path to Victory in Posters The Great Patriotic War was a time of great difficulties and great unity of the multinational people who stood up to defend their native land from fascist invaders. Call "All

Read Dostoevsky, love Dostoevsky. On the occasion of the 195th anniversary of the birth of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky A WRITER SHAKING THE SOUL Whoever wants to be useful can do it even with his hands tied

Work plan: 1. Quiz: Patriotic War of 1812 and its historical meaning. 2. Jumping drawings on the theme "Patriotic War of 1812". 3. Game journey "Fatherland's faithful sons." 4. Calendar

An essay on the theme of the artistic features of Pushkin's novel evgeny onegin Pushkin's lyrical digressions in the novel Eugene Onegin about creativity, about love in the poet's life. Love for Realism and fidelity

Problems of the novel The epic novel is not ordinary literary work- this is an artistic presentation of a certain philosophy of life. 1) The writer is trying to understand the laws that govern the world.

Municipal state-financed organization culture "Centralized Library System of the City of Yelets" Children's Library-branch 2 Field of Glory Borodino Virtual Exhibition to the 205th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino Exhibition

Person of the number: Andrey Bolkonsky

Wars are sacred pages A lot of books have been written about the Great Patriotic War - poems, poems, stories, novels, novels. The literature about the war is special. It reflects the greatness of our soldiers and officers,

Among Russian poets, M. Yu. Lermontov occupies a special place. The poetic world of Lermontov is the element of a powerful human spirit that rejects the vulgar pettiness of everyday life. Special, Lermontov, element

Review of books-anniversaries about the war Every year the Great Patriotic War moves away. The participants in the war leave, taking away their mean stories. Modern youth sees the war in biographical series, foreign films,